14—16世纪英国社会的过度消费问题与禁奢法令的实施  

Issue of Excessive Consumption in the English Society and Implementation of Sumptuary Statutes of England between the 14th and the 16th Century

作　　者：徐浩[1] Xu Hao

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学历史学院

出　　处：《世界历史》2022年第3期66-79,I0004,I0005,共16页World History

摘　　要：14世纪以来,英国传统社会结构逐渐式微,从教俗贵族和劳动者中分化出乡绅和城乡中产阶级,后两者在新的社会结构中占据越来越重要的地位。贵族的铺张浪费和新兴阶层在衣食消费上模仿攀比更高等级,引起同时代人所说的过度消费问题。过度消费不仅带来奢靡之风盛行和等级界限模糊不清,还引起物价腾贵,造成贵族入不敷出,乡绅和中产阶级陷于贫困,导致国家税收和再生产资源日趋枯竭,乃至政府财政面临危机等严重社会经济问题,促使统治者立法进行干预。14—16世纪,英国议会制订了11部禁奢法令,其中最重要的是14世纪30年代和60年代的三部禁奢法令,详细规定了全国各阶层的饮食标准,以及各等级尤其是乡绅和城乡中产阶级的服饰消费标准,对15—16世纪的禁奢法令产生了重要影响。禁奢法令的实施促使英国贵族和新兴阶层减少了铺张浪费或攀比消费,英国社会初步形成了较为理性的消费习惯。这不仅为早期现代形成的理性资本主义奠定了重要历史基础,还成为当今英国文化的重要组成部分。Since the 14century,the traditional social structure of England has been gradually weakened.The gentry and the urban and rural middle class have emerged from the differentiation of secular and ecclesiastical nobilities and labourers.Moreover,the middle class in the urban and rural areas played an increasingly important role in new social structure.The extravagance and waste of the nobilities,as well as the imitation and comparison of the emerging classes in food and clothing consumption,caused problems of excessive consumption mentioned by the contemporaries.Excessive consumption not only brought the popularity of extravagance and the blurriness of class boundaries,but also caused prices soar,causing that the noble lived beyond its means,the gentry and middle class mired in poverty.This also led to the exhaustion of national tax revenue and reproduction resources increasingly,and even the government financial crisis and other serious social and economic problems,prompting the rulers to legislate to intervene.From the 14century to the 16century,the English Parliament formulated 11sumptuary statutes,among which the most important were three sumptuary statutes in the 1430s and the1460s,which specified in detail the dietary standards of all classes in the country,as well as the clothing consumption standards of all classes,especially the gentry and the urban and rural middle class,exerting an important influence on the sumptuary statutes in the 15and 16centuries.Through parliamentary legislation,the English nobilities and emerging classes reduced the waste or compare consumption.The wills and inventory of the middle class and the gentry showed that the proportion of prohibited clothes was relatively small,indicating that the owners of clothes mostly abided by the sumptuary statutes and initially formed rational consumption habits at the end of the Middle Ages,which not only laid an importanistorical foundation for the formation of the rationalised capitalism in early modern period,but also benefited the contemporary

关 键 词：过度消费 新兴阶层 理性资本主义 英国议会 中产阶级 国家税收 同时代人 传统社会结构 

分 类 号：K561.3[历史地理—历史学] F713.55[历史地理—世界史]