中国寒旱区农村卫生旱厕技术调研及评价  

Technical investigation and evaluation of rural sanitary dry toilets in cold and arid regions of China

作　　者：范盛远 王惠惠 丁京涛 贾懿曼 沈玉君 程红胜 周亚文 李登科 Fan Shengyuan;Wang Huihui;Ding Jingtao;Jia Yiman;Shen Yujun;Cheng Hongsheng;Zhou Yawen;Li Dengke(Academy of Agricultural Planning and Engineering,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100121,China;Key Laboratory of Technologies and Models for Cyclic Utilization from Agricultural Resources,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair,Beijing 100121,China)

机构地区：[1]农业农村部规划设计研究院,北京100121 [2]农业农村部资源循环利用技术与模式重点实验室,北京100121

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2022年第8期225-233,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：农业农村部规划设计研究院自主研发项目:我国寒旱区农村卫生厕所及粪污资源化关键技术产品研发与推广应用(项目编号:SP202103);节能高效堆肥式卫生旱厕技术产品熟化与转化(项目编号:SH202108)。

摘　　要：随着中国农村人居环境整治力度的不断增强,农村厕所环境得到了极大改善。但中国寒冷、干旱地区受制于地理气候条件限制,导致传统“水冲式厕所+污水处理厂”的处理模式无法大规模使用,而传统旱厕又很难满足当前对粪污处理的卫生及无害化要求,亟需研发建设适合于寒冷、干旱地区的卫生旱厕。该研究对全国57个县(市、区)进行了走访调研,结合文献资料,结果如下:针对目前国内寒冷、干旱地区常用的卫生旱厕处理技术进行了归纳总结,主要包括好氧发酵技术和兼氧贮存技术两种,涵盖了堆肥式厕所、微生物降解式厕所、粪尿分集式厕所、双坑交替式厕所、太阳能干化式厕所5种类型厕所,对5种类型厕所进行卫生学和经济学对比评价,发现采用好氧发酵技术的微生物降解式厕所和生物堆肥式厕所对比其余3种采用兼氧贮存技术类型的厕所粪污处理效果显著,尤其是在粪污病原微生物的处理效果方面,具有灭活效果显著且处理时间短等优点。采用兼氧贮存技术的3种类型厕所在采购成本、运行成本及经济效益方面优势显著,但粪污处理效果不够理想。以上结果为后续研究基础,以期为中国农村“厕所革命”下一阶段厕所改造过程中卫生旱厕的选择提供参考。The toilet environment is closely related to human health and is an important benchmark for the progress of human spiritual civilization. With the continuous enhancement of the improvement of the rural living environment in China, the rural toilet environment has been greatly improved. However, the cold and arid areas of our country are limited by geographical and climatic conditions, which makes the traditional “flush toilet + sewage treatment plant” treatment mode unable to be used on a large scale, and traditional dry toilets are difficult to meet the current sanitation and non-toxicity of manure treatment. It is urgent to develop and construct sanitary dry toilets suitable for arid and cold regions.From May 2020 to August 2021, this study organized more than 150 investigators to conduct surveys in 57 counties(cities, districts) across the country, and the survey objects were mainly farmers, enterprises, governments and other rural toilet improvement processes. The key objects involved in the participation process are based on a combination of field research and discussion, focusing on the technical mode of toilet modification, construction, operation and maintenance, sanitation effects and economic costs as the main research contents, and a total of 29 provincial research reports have been formed.In this study, combined with research reports and literature, the sanitary dry toilets are divided into two manure treatment technologies. One is sanitary toilets using aerobic fermentation technology, including compost toilets and microbial degradation toilets;the other is facultative aerobic toilets.Sanitary toilets with storage technology, including the urine-diverting household toilet, double-pit alternating household toilet,and solar drying toilet. It also summarizes and analyzes the technical principles, application scenarios, advantages and disadvantages.Through the evaluation and analysis of 5 types of toilets from the perspectives of hygiene and economics, the results show that compared with the other th

关 键 词：粪污 好氧发酵 卫生旱厕技术 兼氧贮存 

分 类 号：S2[农业科学—农业工程]