核武器、预防性战争与美国对苏联的政策(1950—1955)  

Nuclear Weapons,Preventive War and the U.S.Policy toward the Soviet Union(1950-1955)

作　　者：赵学功[1] Zhao Xuegong

机构地区：[1]南开大学世界近现代史研究中心,天津300350

出　　处：《南开学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第4期115-127,共13页Nankai Journal:Philosophy,Literature and Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目(20ASS008)。

摘　　要：1949年苏联核试验的成功打破了美国的核垄断地位,引发美国朝野的恐慌。尽管预防性战争曾遭到美国国内不少人的反对,但美国军方依然认为存在着美国对苏联实施核打击的“机会之窗”,试图依靠享有优势的核力量对苏联发动预防性战争,并制定了相应的作战计划。另一方面,也存在着诸多制约美国贸然行动的因素,特别是苏联报复能力的增强以及强大的常规兵力。美国决策者担心,核打击虽然可以给苏联造成严重破坏,但不可能将其击败,反而会失去西欧,美国自身也将遭受苏联的核报复。The success of the Soviet Union's nuclear test in 1949 broke the American nuclear monopoly and led to panic in the United States.United States military leaders thought that there was a“window of opportunity”to carry out a preventive nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in the coming years,and formulated a series of war plans.Moreover,there were also many factors that prevented the United States from acting rashly,especially the development of the Soviet Union's retaliatory capability and their strong conventional forces.American decision-makers worried:although a United States nuclear strike could cause serious damage to the Soviet Union,it was impossible to defeat the Soviet Union;and the United States would suffer nuclear retaliation from the Soviet Union,as well as lose Western Europe.

关 键 词：杜鲁门政府 艾森豪威尔政府 核武器 预防性战争 冷战 

分 类 号：K712.54[历史地理—历史学] E712[历史地理—世界史]