合宪性审查制度建设的理论逻辑与中国方案  

The Construction of the Constitutional Review System: Its Theoretical Logic and China’s Plan

作　　者：李少文[1] Li Shaowen

机构地区：[1]中共中央党校(国家行政学院)政法教研部

出　　处：《法治现代化研究》2022年第3期110-126,共17页Law and Modernization

摘　　要：司法化和民主化是合宪性审查制度建设的两种不同理论逻辑。其中,宪法司法化是西方宪法体制下的选择,与多数式民主、对抗式权力、制衡式政治、法官型国家结合在一起,美国是代表性范例。自美国向外扩散的宪法司法化呈现出逐渐减弱的特点,德国宪法法院、法国宪法委员会、英联邦国家弱司法审查和转型国家弱法院等模式皆是其表现。基于对多数民主和对抗政治的反思,审议民主理论逐渐兴起。这也带来了宪法秩序塑造的重心向立法权转移的趋势,启示了宪法司法化之外的合宪性审查制度建设道路,即宪法民主化模式。我国以全国人大宪法和法律委员会为中心推进合宪性审查,以完善民主过程和提升法律品质为重点,以合宪审议为主要内容,形成了集中、统一、权威、专业、高效的工作型合宪性审查制度模式,具有重要的理论与实践意义。Judicialization and democratization are two different types of theoretical logic in the construction of the constitutional review system. The judicialization of the constitution is a choice typically made in the Western constitutional system, and is usually combined with such mechanisms as the majority democracy, confrontational power, politics of checks and balances, and a judge-based state. A good case in point is the United States. However, the constitutional judiciary that has spread outward from the United States has gradually weakened. The German Constitutional Court, the French Constitutional Council, the weak judicial review in the Commonwealth of Nations, and the weak courts in transitional countries are all manifestations of this new development. Based on the reflection on the majority democracy and confrontational politics, deliberative democracy theory has gradually emerged. This has also brought about a trend of shifting the focus of the constitutional order to the legislative power and thus has great implications for the construction of a constitutional review system other than the judicialization of the constitution: that is, the mode of constitutional democratization. China promotes constitutional review with the Constitution and Law Committee of the National People’s Congress as the center, focuses on improving the democratic process and improving the quality of the law, and takes constitutional review as the main content, forming a centralized, unified, authoritative, professional and efficient type of review system, which has important theoretical and practical significance.

关 键 词：司法审查 审议民主 宪法工程 合宪性审查 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]