符号指谓的范畴结构--异质性哲学的逻辑基础  

The Categorical Structure of Symbolic Denotations:The Logical Basis of the Philosophy of Heterogeneity

作　　者：徐长福[1] XU Changfu

机构地区：[1]中山大学马克思主义哲学与中国现代化研究所、哲学系、实践哲学研究中心

出　　处：《阅江学刊》2022年第4期29-48,172,共21页Yuejiang Academic Journal

摘　　要：人的认识可分为直观认识与符号认识,前者是人运用先天机能所获得的认识,后者是人使用符号所获得的认识。符号中最常用者为语言符号,其要素为单词,分为表示对象的实词和起联系作用的虚词。一个完整的符号认识至少需要两个实词:一个主词,指出对象;另一个谓词,说明对象——这就是符号指谓。构成符号指谓的实词包括个别词和普遍词,前者只指代个别,不具有说明性,而后者可以说明不止一个个别。普遍词分为实在词和范畴词,前者又分为表示自然时空对象的经验词和表示拟想时空对象的超验词,后者表示符号指谓系统中的各种程序性角色。个别词、实在词和范畴词为语言符号的三大实词要素。任何一个实词都包含三维语义结构:它是一个符号,它代表一个对象,它表示符号使用者对该对象的意识。符号指谓的功能在于用谓词回答关于主词所指对象的疑问:或者回答其“是什么”,把对象归类,其谓词为属词和种词;或者回答其“是怎样”,把对象跟同类其他对象区分开来,其谓词为偶性词;从而形成一个主词加两种谓词的三元句法结构。符号指谓的句式次序分为三阶:第一阶以个别词为主词,以实在词为谓词;第二阶的主谓词都是实在词;第三阶以范畴词为谓词,又分为以个别词和实在词为主词的应用性三阶和以范畴词为主词的原理性三阶。语素三词、语义三维、句法三元和句次三阶共同构成了符号指谓的范畴结构,成为人的符号认识的先验程序。Human cognition can be divided into intuitive cognition and symbolic cognition,the former is the cognition obtained by people using innate functions,and the latter is the cognition obtained by people using symbols.The most commonly used symbols are language symbols,whose elements are words,which are divided into content words that represent objects and function words that play a role in connection.A complete symbolic cognition requires at least two substantive words:One is a subject,which indicates the object;the other is a predicate,which indicates the object.The substantive words that constitute the predicate of the symbol include individual words and general words,the former only refer to the individual and have no descriptiveness,while the latter can describe more than one individual.General words are divided into real words and categorical words.The former are further divided into empirical words representing natural space-time objects and transcendental words representing imaginary space-time objects,while the latter represent various procedural roles in the system of symbolic denotations.Any content word contains a three-dimensional semantic structure:It is a sign,represents an object,and expresses the symbol user's awareness of that object.The function of symbolic predicates is to use predicates to answer questions about the object referred to by the subject:Or to answer its“what”,classify the objects,and its predicates are generic and species,or to answer its“how”,distinguish objects of the same kind,their predicates are accidental words,thus forming a ternary syntactic structure of a subject plus two predicates.The sentence pattern order of symbolic predicates is divided into three levels:The first order takes individual words as the main words and the real words as predicates;the second order takes the main predicates as real words;the third order takes categorical words as the predicates,which are further divided into two categories:Practical third order with individual words and substantive w

关 键 词：符号指谓 范畴结构 语义结构 句法结构 句次结构 

分 类 号：B017[哲学宗教—哲学理论]