民初承审员选任制探析  

Research on the Selection and Appointment System of Assistant Judge in the Early Republic of China

作　　者：银品 Yin Pin

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学中国近代史研究所博士后流动站 [2]湖南师范大学历史文化学院,湖南长沙410081

出　　处：《史学月刊》2022年第7期76-86,共11页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目“民国北京政府时期地方司法行政‘双轨制’研究(1912—1927)”(18CZS044);湖南省社会科学基金基地项目“民国北京政府时期湖南司法行政‘双轨制’研究(1912—1927)”(18JD45)。

摘　　要：民初实施县知事兼理司法制度,承审员作为辅助县知事断狱的准司法官,其选任的制度设计与实际运作呈现较大落差。在选任资格方面,形成司法部严定标准和各省司法行政机关借故变通现象;在设缺门槛及选任员缺数方面,司法部仅模糊规定最高限额,各省高等审判厅审核态度取决于县署能否自筹经费;在选任权方面,司法部致力于提高各省司法机关的主导权,但县知事牢固控制承审员的推荐和任用等权,导致承审员对县知事具有强烈的依附性。承审员选任的运作实况与设计理念的背离,折射出中央威权相对弱势背景下央地司法人事权的激烈博弈,反映了近代以来基层制度转型的复杂性。In the early Republic of China,the central government implemented the system of county head managing the judiciary,and the assistant judge,as subordinate of the county head,undertook the judicial affairs.The selection and appointment of assistant judge had a huge gap in system design and practical operation.Provincial and county judiciaries tried to change the admission criteria for assistant judges,which were strictly set by the Ministry of Justice.The Ministry of Justice only set a rough limit on the number of assistant judges in the county,and the provincial high courts approved the appointment of assistant judges on the basis of whether the county head could raise funds.The Ministry of Justice had tried to increase the power of the provincial judiciary to select and appoint assistant judge,but this power was tightly controlled by the county head,which made the assistant judge heavily dependent on the county head.The huge gap between the assistant judge system in practical operation and system design reflected the fierce competition between the central government and the local government for judicial personnel power,which was an important aspect of the grass-roots institutional transformation of modern China.

关 键 词：民国初年 承审员 县知事兼理司法 司法经费 

分 类 号：K255[历史地理—历史学]