四川会理猴子洞新石器时代遗址拔牙风俗初探  

THE CUSTOM OF TOOTH ABLATION IN NEOLITHIC SITE OF MONKEY CAVE IN HUILI COUNTY,SICHUAN PROVINCE

作　　者：赵东月 王铭 张燕[2] 刘化石 ZHAO Dongyue;WANG Ming;ZHANG Yan;LIU Huashi(Key Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Research and Conservation,Ministry of Education,School of Cultural Heritage,Northwest University,Xi'an 710069,Shaanxi;Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Chengdu 610046,Sichuan)

机构地区：[1]西北大学文化遗产学院,西北大学文化遗产研究与保护技术教育部重点实验室,陕西西安710069 [2]四川省文物考古研究院,四川成都610046

出　　处：《第四纪研究》2022年第4期1094-1107,共14页Quaternary Sciences

基　　金：科技部中华文明探源工程研究项目“中华文明起源进程中的古代人群与分子考古学”(批准号:2020YFC1521607);国家社会科学基金项目(批准号:20BKG038)共同资助。

摘　　要：作为一种仪式现象,有意识拔除健康牙齿以表达某些信息的拔牙行为在世界范围内都有广泛分布,年代从旧石器时代一直延续至近现代。根据以往研究,我国境内拔牙风俗有自己的源流系统,最早可以追溯到新石器时代大汶口文化居民中,并从黄河下游和长江下游之间的山东-苏北大汶口文化分布地区向南、西南方向传播,但西南地区的拔牙风俗出现较晚,多集中在历史时期。猴子洞遗址是四川会理县的一处最早距今约5000~4800年的新石器时代遗址,墓葬区出土的人骨标本上发现了比例很高的拔牙现象,弥补了过去西南地区拔牙风俗在史前资料上的不足。对猴子洞遗址先民拔牙现象的观察和拔牙模式分析表明,该遗址拔牙出现率没有明显的性别和社会等级差异,但拔牙行为与年龄密切相关,应是成年的标志。通过与中国境内和东南亚地区拔牙遗址的对比分析,西南地区的拔牙风俗至少在新石器时代已经开始流行,其模式符合中国拔牙风俗的主流传统,但与东南亚地区也有很多相似性。As a ritual phenomenon,tooth ablation is the deliberate removal of one’s healthy teeth to express some meanings,which has been recorded around the world dating from the Paleolithic Age to modern times. According to previous studies,the custom of tooth ablation in China has its own origin and can be traced back as early as to the Neolithic Age in the residents of Dawenkou culture locating in the region of Shandong Province and northern Jiangsu Province,as well as the the custom of tooth ablation diffused to south and southwest from the region between the lower Yellow River and the lower Yangtze River. The custom of tooth ablation in Southwest China appeared late and was quite close to the time of written history.The Monkey Cave site is a Neolithic site in Huili County of Sichuan Province ( 26° 08’55″N,102° 06’49″E )that has an age of 5000 ~ 4800 a B. P. The phenomenon of tooth ablation was found on human bones unearthed in the burial area,this finding fills the shortage of data for the research of tooth-ablation custom in the prehistoric Southwest China. Based on the observation of tooth-ablation phenomenon and the analysis of tooth-ablation pattern at the Monkey Cave site,indicated that a very high tooth-ablation rate ( 68. 00%) existed in the ancestors at this site. Our observation showed that the extracted teeth mostly are maxillary lateral and middle incisors. There are four patterns of tooth ablation,that are 2I~2,RI~2,LI~2and RI~1and the pattern of 2I~2was particularly popular ( 47. 06%) .There is no obvious difference in the occurrence rate of tooth ablation at the site in terms of gender and social class.Nonetheless,we found that the behavior of tooth ablation is closely connected with age and it would be therefore that the meaning of tooth ablation is related to being adult. A comparison and analysis of tooth-ablation customs both in China and Southeast Asia,showed that Southwest China was one of the most popular regions of tooth ablation and indicated that the custom of tooth ablation in that

关 键 词：新石器时代 西南地区 拔牙风俗 东南亚 传播 

分 类 号：K89[历史地理—民俗学] K854[历史地理—历史学]