投资仲裁下碳中和政策的争端风险与应对  

Disputes caused by carbon neutrality policies in the context of investment arbitration and their coping approaches

作　　者：刘禹 莫漫漫 程玉 LIU Yu;MO Manman;CHENG Yu(School of Law,Beijing Technology and Business University,Beijing 100048,China;National Natural Science Foundation of China,Beijing 100085,China;School of Law,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China)

机构地区：[1]北京工商大学法学院,北京100048 [2]国家自然科学基金委员会,北京100085 [3]北京航空航天大学法学院,北京100191

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2022年第7期104-113,共10页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：北京市教委社科规划基金一般项目“美国国家安全审查下中美投资争端解决的路径”(批准号:SM202110011002)。

摘　　要：为应对气候变化引发的全球环境危机,气候保护义务正不断被纳入国际经贸协定,进而影响全球市场,通过市场机制促使各国实施碳中和政策。而另一方面,各国在激烈的全球市场竞争中,为促进贸易和投资,长期实施宽松的投资监管制度,并签订大量国际投资协定强调对外商投资的保护,但这些协定缺失了环境保护的导向。在此背景下,日益强化的气候保护义务与水涨船高的投资保护义务在全球市场冲突加剧,体现为国家实施碳中和政策可能会违反国际投资协定下的投资保护义务,由此产生气候保护投资争端。绝大多数国际投资协定允许外国投资者对东道国提起投资仲裁,如果投资者得到仲裁庭支持,东道国可能面临巨额赔偿。这也促使很多欧美律所和第三方资助人极力推动受影响企业挑战东道国政策,大量此类投资仲裁案件正席卷而来,并不断影响环境、经济和社会维度。诚然,投资仲裁机制存在侧重投资者经济利益而忽视东道国公共利益的问题,一些投资仲裁实践正在减损东道国践行碳中和的努力,但这一争端本质在于投资者与东道国间的权利义务在全球市场中不平衡。因而,摒弃投资仲裁并不能解决问题本身,况且目前国际局势不稳定,中国企业的海外投资需要投资仲裁机制保护。对于气候保护投资争端,应聚焦于如何在投资仲裁机制下平衡国家碳中和政策与投资保护义务的冲突,以及如何约束仲裁庭过度的自由裁量权。对此,应完善国际投资协定,强化东道国规制权和公共利益,纳入投资者义务,改进投资仲裁规则,加强争端预防措施。In order to cope with the global environmental crisis caused by climate change,climate protection obligations are constantly being incorporated into international economic and trade agreements,which will further affect the global market and urge countries to implement carbon neutrality policies through market mechanisms.On the other hand,to advance trade and investment in the fierce glob‑al market competition,countries have long implemented loose regulatory systems on investment and signed a large number of interna‑tional investment agreements to emphasize the protection of foreign investment,but these agreements lack the orientation of environ‑mental protection.In this context,increasingly strengthened climate protection obligations and rising investment protection obligations have intensified conflicts in the global market.This is shown by the fact that the national implementation of carbon neutrality policies may violate the investment protection obligations under international investment agreements,resulting in disputes over investment in climate protection.Most international investment agreements allow foreign investors to initiate investment arbitration against host coun‑tries.If the results of the arbitration tribunal are in favor of the investor,the host country may face huge compensation.This has also prompted many Western law firms and third-party sponsors to vigorously urge the affected enterprises to challenge the policies of the host countries.An increasing number of such investment arbitration cases are showing up and continuing to produce effects in environ‑mental,economic,and social dimensions.It is true that the investment arbitration mechanism focuses on the economic interests of inves‑tors and ignores the public interests of the host countries.Some investment arbitration practices are undermining the efforts of the host countries to implement carbon neutrality policies.However,the essence of these disputes lies in the imbalance of rights and obligations between investors and host co

关 键 词：碳中和 市场 气候保护投资争端 投资仲裁 

分 类 号：D996[政治法律—经济法学]