High levels of endemism among Galapagos basidiolichens  

作　　者：Manuela Dal Forno Frank Bungartz Alba Yanez-Ayabaca Robert Lücking James D.Lawrey 

机构地区：[1]Department of Botany,Smithsonian Institution,National Museum of Natural History,10th St&Constitution Ave NW,Washington,DC 20560,USA [2]Department of Environmental Science and Policy,George Mason University,Fairfax,VA 22030-4444,USA [3]Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands,Puerto Ayora,Galapagos,Ecuador [4]School of Life Sciences,Arizona State University,PO Box 874501,Tempe,AZ 85287-4501,USA [5]Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas,Universidad Central del Ecuador,Ciudadela Universitaria,Quito,Ecuador [6]Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin,KoniginLuise-Straße 6–8,14195 Berlin,Germany [7]Science&Education,The Field Museum,1400 South Lake Shore,Chicago,IL 60605,USA

出　　处：《Fungal Diversity》2017年第4期45-73,共29页真菌多样性（英文）

基　　金：thank National Science Foundation for financial support through a Division of Environmental Biology grant(DEB 0841405,PI:J.Lawrey;CoPIs:R.Lücking,P.Gillevet);a Postdoctoral Research Fellowship in Biology(PRFB 1609022,PI:M.Dal Forno);supported by the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund,Project 152510692。

摘　　要：This study is a re-assessment of basidiolichen diversity in the Galapagos Islands.We present a molecular phylogenetic analysis,based on 92 specimens from Galapagos,using two nuclear ribosomal DNA markers(ITS and nuLSU).We also re-examined the morphology and anatomy of all sequenced material.The molecular results confirm our previous assessment that all Galapagos basidiolichens belong to the Dictyonema clade,which in Galapagos is represented by four genera:Acantholichen,Cora,Cyphellostereum,and Dictyonema.Most species previously reported from Galapagos in these genera were at the time believed to represent widely distributed taxa.This conclusion,however,has changed with the inclusion of molecular data.Although almost the same number of species is distinguished,the phylogenetic data now suggest that all are restricted to the Galapagos Islands.Among them,six species are proposed here as new to science,namely Cora galapagoensis,Cyphellostereum unoquinoum,Dictyonema barbatum,D.darwinianum,D.ramificans,and D.subobscuratum;and four species have already been described previously,namely Acantholichen galapagoensis,Cora santacruzensis,Dictyonema pectinatum,and D.galapagoense,here recombined as Cyphellostereum galapagoense.Our analysis is set on a very broad phylogenetic framework,which includes a large number of specimens(N=826)mainly from Central and South America,and therefore strongly suggests an unusually high level of endemism previously not recognized.This analysis also shows that the closest relatives of half of the basidiolichens now found in Galapagos are from mainland Ecuador,implying that they reached the islands through the shortest route,with all species arriving on the islands through independent colonization events.

关 键 词：LICHENS SYSTEMATICS BIODIVERSITY Evolution Lichenizedbasidiomycetes GALAPAGOS 

分 类 号：P73[天文地球—海洋科学]