柏拉图的定义理论  

The Theory of Definition by Plato

作　　者：吕纯山[1] LYU Chunshan

机构地区：[1]天津外国语大学欧美文化哲学研究所

出　　处：《理论与现代化》2022年第4期93-104,共12页Theory and Modernization

摘　　要：对于古希腊定义理论,柏拉图在其对象和方式两方面都有贡献。柏拉图继承了苏格拉底对“是什么”问题的追求,并进一步把定义的对象定位于种或理念(εξδο■/■δεα),在晚期对话《泰阿泰德》中,由元素和路径或差异构成的“可知的复合物”也被他称为种。在定义方式上,柏拉图不仅开创了二分法这样的分类法定义,给出了“人是两足动物”这一著名定义,提出属加种差的定义方式,而且讨论了复合物的定义方式,但究竟是由对元素的描述还是对路径或差异的描述构成复合物的定义,却没有定论。但这些思想为亚里士多德详细讨论属加种差的定义方式和专门针对质形复合物提出的质形复合定义提供了丰富的思想资源。Plato contributes greatly to the Greek theory of definition on the object and way of definition. Having inherited Socrates’ s pursuit of the answer to "what is", Plato further orients the object of definition as species (εξδο■/■δεα). In his later dialogue Theaetetus, species also refers to the "knowable composite" of elements and paths or differences. As for the way of definition, Plato not only creates a kind of dichotomy definition, i.e. genus plus differentia, giving the famous definition "human being is biped animal", but also talks about the definition on the composite of elements plus paths or differences. But whether definition is the description of elements or paths/differences is not settled. These thoughts provide abundant resources for Aristotle to discuss in detail the definition of genus plus differentia, and the definition of matter plus form specifically for a composite of matter and form.

关 键 词：定义 元素 差异 复合物 种 

分 类 号：D502.233[政治法律—政治学]