云南热带雨林:特征、生物地理起源与演化  

Tropical Rain Forest of Yunnan(Southwestern China):Characteristics,Biogeographical Origin and Evolution

作　　者：朱华[1] ZHU Hua(Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Mengla 666303,Yunnan,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园,云南勐腊666303

出　　处：《热带亚热带植物学报》2022年第4期575-591,共17页Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41471051,31170195,41071040,31970223)资助。

摘　　要：云南热带雨林具有与东南亚低地热带雨林类似的群落结构、生态外貌特征和物种多样性,是亚洲热带雨林的一个类型。它的植物区系组成中有90%的属和多于80%的种为热带分布成分,其中约40%的属和70%的种为热带亚洲分布型,它含属种较多的优势科和在群落中重要值较大的科也与亚洲热带雨林相似,是亚洲热带雨林和植物区系的热带北缘类型。云南西南部、南部与东南部的热带雨林在群落结构和生态外貌上类似,但在南部与东南部之间有明显的植物区系分异,它们经历了不同的起源背景和演化历程。云南的热带雨林在很大程度上由西南季风维持。喜马拉雅隆升导致西南季风气候形成和加强,在云南热带局部地区产生了湿润气候,发育了热带雨林植被。现在的云南热带雨林里或其分布地区有落叶物种或热带落叶林存在,这不仅是季节性气候的影响,推测在晚第三纪或第四纪更新世云南热带地区曾经历了干旱气候。云南热带雨林的分布主要受制于局部生境,并非地区性气候条件。The tropical rain forest(TRF)in Yunnan is similar to the rain forest of tropical Asia in floristic composition,forest profile,physiognomy and species richness,and is a particular type of the latter.It occurs at the northern margin of tropical Asia and is affected not only by the seasonal dryness of the monsoon climate,but also by the low temperature found at the relatively higher latitude and altitude.The flora of the TRF of Yunnan consists mainly of tropical floristic elements,which contribute more than 90%at the generic level and more than 80%at the specific level to its total flora.The dominant geographical elements are the tropical Asian distribution,which contributes about 40%of the genera and 70%of the species.Most of the dominant families,in terms of both numbers of species and tree importance values,are also similar to the Indo-Malesian rain forests.The formations of the TRF show clear floristic divergences between southwestern,southern and southeastern Yunnan because of the different floristic origins and evolutionary histories of these regions,although they are similar in ecological and physiognomic features.The TRF of Yunnan is maintained by the southwestern Asian monsoon.Uplift of the Himalayas triggered and strengthened the southwestern Asian monsoon climate,which created local wet habitats in tropical areas of Yunnan,and the tropical rain forest occurred locally.Based on the geological history and the palaeobotanical research in tropical Yunnan and adjacent regions,we suggest that a much drier climate prevailed in the later Tertiary or Quaternary periods,because there are drought-tolerant deciduous trees in the TRF and deciduous forests in the same areas as the TRF.The present TRF in Yunnan is an ecotone between tropical lowland and montane forests,and controlled mainly by local habitat factors.

关 键 词：热带雨林 生态外貌 物种多样性 生物地理 起源与演化 中国西南 

分 类 号：S718.5[农业科学—林学]