Epitypification and neotypification:guidelines with appropriate and inappropriate examples  

作　　者：Hiran A.Ariyawansa David L.Hawksworth Kevin D.Hyde E.B.Gareth Jones Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Dimuthu S.Manamgoda Kasun M.Thambugala Dhanushka Udayanga Erio Camporesi Anupama Daranagama Ruvishika Jayawardena Jian-Kui Liu Eric H.C.McKenzie Rungtiwa Phookamsak Indunil C.Senanayake Roger G.Shivas Qing Tian Jian-Chu Xu 

机构地区：[1]Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia,Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Science,Kunming 650201,Yunnan,China [2]World Agroforestry Centre,East and Central Asia,Kunming 650201,Yunnan,China [3]Institute of Excellence in Fungal Research,School of Science,Mae Fah Luang University,Chiang Rai 57100,Thailand [4]Departamento de Biología Vegetal II,Facultad de Farmacia,Universidad Complutense de Madrid,Plaza Ramón y Cajal,Madrid 28040,Spain [5]Department of Life Sciences,The Natural History Museum,Cromwell Road,London SW75BD,UK [6]Mycology Section,Royal Botanic Gardens,Kew,Richmond Surrey TW93DS,UK [7]Department of Botany and Microbiology,King Saudi University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia [8]A.M.B.Gruppo Micologico Forlivese“Antonio Cicognani”,Via Roma18,Forlì,Italy [9]Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research,Private Bag 92170 Auckland,New Zealand [10]Plant Pathology Herbarium,Agri-Science Queensland,40 Boggo Road,Dutton Park,Qld 4102,Australia

出　　处：《Fungal Diversity》2014年第6期57-91,共35页真菌多样性（英文）

基　　金：the Chinese Academy of Sciences,project number 2013T2S0030,for the award of Visiting Professorship for Senior International Scientists at Kunming Institute of Botany;the agricultural science and technology foundation of Guizhou province(Nos.NY[2013]3042);the international collaboration plan ofGuizhou province(No.G[2012]7006);the innovation team construction for science and technology of Guizhou province(No.[2012]4007)from the Science and Technology Department ofGuizhou province,China;funding from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación project CGL2011-25003;MFLU grant number 56101020032 is thanked for supporting studies on Dothideomycetes.

摘　　要：review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference,and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named.Most classical species,particularly of microfungi,are not represented by adequate type material,or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens,that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study,or for developing robust identification systems.Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer fromthe lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees.In some cases,epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species,genera,families,or orders of fungi.This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification,describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process.A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented.Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed.As examples of epitypification,or to provide reference specimens,a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata,A.bakeriana,Phaeosphaeria elongata,Ophiobolus cirsii,and O.erythrosporus.In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance,and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable.Although we provided guidelines for epitypification,the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author,who should have experience of the fungus concerned.This responsibility is to be taken seriously,as once a later typification is made,it may not be possible to undo that,particularly in the case of epitypes,without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.

关 键 词：EPITYPE Generic types Molecular data NOMENCLATURE SYSTEMATICS Taxonomy TYPIFICATION 

分 类 号：O17[理学—数学]