机械侧深施肥下水稻产量和肥料利用效率研究  

Study on rice yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency under side deep fertilization

作　　者：陆雨 徐南清 段建设 朱红英 洪果 凌冬[3] 郑冬晓 满建国 LU Yu;XU Nan-qing;DUAN Jian-she;ZHU Hong-ying;HONG Guo;LING Dong;ZHENG Dong-xiao;MAN Jian-guo(MARA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River,College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan 430070,China;Xiangzhou Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Xiangyang 441104,Hubei,China;Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Xiangyang 441104,Hubei,China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,武汉430070 [2]襄州区农业技术推广中心,湖北襄阳441104 [3]襄阳市农业科学院,湖北襄阳441104

出　　处：《湖北农业科学》2022年第14期19-23,30,共6页Hubei Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2662019QD020)。

摘　　要：为明确机械侧深施肥下水稻产量和肥料吸收利用率特征,进一步协同提高长江中下游水稻产量和资源利用效率。在大田设置机械侧深施肥与传统人工施肥2个施肥方式和5个肥料配施处理:不施肥(CK)、NPK全素配施处理(NPK)、PK配施处理(PKN0)、NK配施处理(NKP0)和NP配施处理(NPK0),探讨不同施肥方式和肥料配置下的水稻产量形成和养分吸收利用特征。结果表明,与传统人工撒施处理相比,机械侧深施肥可有效提高水稻单位面积有效穗数和成熟期干物质量,进而提高稻谷产量;NPK全施处理的稻谷产量最高,为7342.1 kg/hm2,NP配施处理次之,不施氮处理最低。NPK全施处理下茎秆+叶片以及子粒干物质量最高,NP配施和NK配施处理次之,PK配施处理最低。与传统人工撒施相比,机械侧深施肥下水稻植株氮素积累量较低,钾素积累量较高,磷素积累量无差异,但水稻肥料农学利用效率和偏生产力、氮磷肥的生理利用效率较高;水稻各器官氮素、总氮、总磷和总钾积累量表现为NPK全施处理>NP处理>NK处理>PK处理,水稻氮肥农学利用效率、生理利用效率和偏生产力以NPK全施处理最高,施氮处理的磷肥和钾肥利用效率均高于不施氮处理。机械侧深施肥可有效协同提高水稻产量和肥料利用率,是水稻规模化、轻简化和丰产高效生产的重要施肥方式。Clarifying the characteristics of rice yield,fertilizer absorption and utilization under mechanical side deep fertilization is important to further improve rice yield and resource utilization efficiency in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Field experiments were conducted in 2020,two fertilization methods were set,mechanical side deep fertilization(S)and conventional manual fertilization(C),five fertilizer combination treatments were set,no fertilizer during the whole season as control(CK),applied NPK(NPK),only applied PK(PKN0),only applied NK(NKP0)and only applied NP(NPK0).Compared with the traditional method,mechanical side deep fertilization could effectively improve the number of panicles per unit area and dry matter at maturity,then improve rice yield.The grain yield of NPK treatment was the highest,with an average of 7342.1 kg/hm2,followed by NP treatment,and the lowest was PK treatment.The dry matter of stem plus leaf,and grain from NPK treatment was the highest,followed by NP and NK treatments,PK treatment was the lowest.The nitrogen accumulation of rice plants under mechanical side deep fertilization was lower than traditional pattern,but the potassium accumulation was higher.There were no significant differences in phosphorus accumulation between them.However,the fertilizer agronomic efficiency(AEF),partial factor productivity(PFPF),and the nitrogen and phosphorus physiological utilization efficiency(PEN,PEP)were higher.The accumulation of nitrogen,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium in the rice plant organ was NPK treatment>NP treatment>NK treatment>PK treatment.The AEN,PEN and PFPN were the highest in NPK treatment.The phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency from treatment with nitrogen was higher than those treatments without nitrogen.Thus,mechanical side deep fertilization can effectively improve rice yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency.It is an important fertilization pattern for large-scale,simplified,high-yield and high-efficient production of rice.

关 键 词：水稻 侧深施肥 肥料利用率 产量 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]