村庄里的“家”与“面子”:农户为何不愿退出宅基地——基于非正式制度嵌入性的一个解释  

"Home"and"Face"in the Village:Why FarmersAre Unwilling to Withdraw from the Homestead?An Explanation Based on the Embeddedness ofInformalInstitutions

作　　者：晋洪涛 郭秋实 史清华[3] JIN Hongtao;GUO Qiushi;SHI Qinghua

机构地区：[1]上海海洋大学经济管理学院 [2]重庆大学公共管理学院 [3]上海交通大学安泰经济与管理学院

出　　处：《中国农村观察》2022年第4期42-57,共16页China Rural Survey

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“劳动力流动视角下健全城乡融合发展机制研究”(编号:21&ZD077);国家自然科学基金面上项目“粮食安全背景下农户储粮行为的变化及其内在机制研究”(编号:72173085);国家自然科学基金重点项目“新时期扶贫开发理论与政策研究”(编号:71833003)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：宅基地制度改革的主要目标之一是探索宅基地自愿有偿退出机制,但农户自愿有偿退出宅基地的积极性并不高。本文基于制度嵌入性理论,通过对河南省柘城县农户的问卷调查和访谈,探究“家意识”和“面子观”两种非正式制度对传统农区农户宅基地退出意愿的影响。研究发现:农户分化对传统农区宅基地退出意愿没有显著影响,各类农户宅基地退出意愿都较为薄弱。由“家意识”衍生出的乡土情结、落叶归根观念等,是非农户和兼业户不愿退出宅基地的重要原因;“面子竞争”与传宗接代观念的结合使农村形成了激烈的子代婚备竞赛,由此导致的严重代际剥削引发农户对“老有所居”的担忧,并进一步弱化了农户的宅基地退出意愿。传统的“家意识”与“面子观”共同促使农户形成了对宅基地的心理依赖,进而对农户宅基地退出意愿产生了很强的削弱作用。当前在传统农区推进宅基地退出制度改革,一方面要尊重农户“归有其根”“老有所居”的需求,另一方面要加强对农户观念的引导,实现非正式制度与正式制度的互补与适配。One of the main goals of homestead system reform is to explore the compensated mechanism of voluntary homestead withdrawal,but the practical observation shows that the enthusiasm of farmers to withdraw from homestead voluntarily with compensation is not high.Based on the theory of institutional embeddedness,this article explores the impact of two informal systems of"home consciousness"and"face concept"on farmers’willingness to withdraw from homestead in traditional agricultural areas through questionnaires and interviews with farmers in Zhecheng County,Henan Province.The results show that farmers’differentiation has no significant effect on farmers'willingness to withdraw from homestead in traditional rural areas,and the willingness of all kinds of farmers to withdraw from their homestead is relatively weak.The local complex and the sense of returning to their roots derived from"home consciousness"are important reasons why non-farmers and part-time farmers are reluctant to withdraw from their homestead.The combination of"face competition"and the concept of family succession has formed a fierce competition for offspring marriage preparations in rural areas,resulting in serious intergenerational exploitation which has caused farmers to worry about"getting a place to live in old age",and further weakened farmers'willingness to withdraw from their homestead.The traditional"home consciousness"and"face concept"together promote farmers to form a psychological dependence on homestead,which has a strong weakening effect on farmers’willingnessto withdraw from homestead.At present,to promote the reform of homestead withdrawal system in traditional agricultural areas,it is necessary to respect the needs of farmers to"return to their roots"and"getting a place to live in old age",and to strengthen correct guidance of farmers’concept and realize the complementarity and adaptation between informal and formal systems.

关 键 词：宅基地退出 宅基地退出意愿 家意识 面子观 非正式制度 制度嵌入性 

分 类 号：F301.2[经济管理—产业经济]