宪法效力自我宣称的规范形式与理论逻辑  

Normative Form and Theoretical Logic of the Self-declaration of the Legal Validity of the Constitution

作　　者：王世涛[1] Wang Shitao

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院

出　　处：《环球法律评论》2022年第4期98-112,共15页Global Law Review

摘　　要：宪法常被置于法律效力层次的顶端,从而导致宪法效力自我确证的逻辑困境。虽然宪法效力自我宣称以一国的成文宪法为前提,但世界范围内的成文宪法却并未普遍规定自身的效力。在理论上,宪法效力自我宣称规范的效力虽然直接产生于该规范自身,但该规范的效力渊源却被认为超出宪法规范之外,或发端于主权者的绝对意志,或归因于“元契约”的初始同意。然而,前者随着主权者的绝对意志被消解而诉诸人权的价值;后者则因初始同意被证伪而转向现实的功利。凯尔森的“基本规范”、哈特的“承认规则”以及康德的“自然法则”是关于宪法效力自证问题可资利用的重要的分析工具。根据阿列克西可默示的法律正确性宣称的理论,宪法效力规范若采用默示形式,非但不会否定宪法效力,而且还纾解了宪法效力自我确证的逻辑难题。The supreme legal validity of the constitution cannot be confirmed by a higher law. As a result, a normative structure of self-assertion of constitutional validity has been developed, leading to the logical problem of self-verification of the supreme legal validity of the constitution. The self-declaration of the supreme legal validity of the constitution can only be based on the written constitution of a country. However, not all written constitutions in the world have stipulated their own legal validity. Of course, the norms of the supreme legal validity of the constitution may exist in an implied form. Therefore, the validity of the constitution does not depend entirely on the normative form of self-proclamation. A total of four constitutions have been adopted in China since the founding of the PRC, but only the fourth constitution, namely the 1982 Constitution, stipulates its own supreme legal validity. The norms of self-proclamation of constitutional validity in major western countries exist in a concealed form. There is no constitutional code in Britain, so the self-declaration of the supreme validity of the constitution is neither necessary nor possible. From the 1791 Constitution to the 1958 Constitution, French had always retained the meaning of the classical constitution, specifically referring to the regime form of the national political structure. Therefore, the supreme legal validity of the constitution is not the content of the constitution. Germany has taken “human dignity” as the primary clause of its Basic Law after World War II, and established the supreme validity of “human dignity” rather than German Basic Law itself. The constitution of the United States established the supremacy of federal law over state laws, not the supremacy of the constitution over laws. The supreme legal validity of the Constitution of the United States is established by judges through judicial interpretation in constitutional review cases. In theory, although the validity of the constitution directly originates

关 键 词：宪法效力 自我宣称 规范形式 正确性宣称 

分 类 号：D911[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]