析1965年《韩日请求权协定》的国际法律争端及解决路径  

International Legal Disputes and Solutions Concerning the ROK-Japan Claims Agreement of 1965

作　　者：管建强[1] 管悦 Guan Jianqiang;Guan Yue

机构地区：[1]华东政法大学国际法学院 [2]英国利物浦大学法学院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2022年第4期18-34,共17页Chinese Review of International Law

摘　　要：日本在其非法占领朝鲜半岛进行殖民统治时期强征劳工和施行“慰安妇”制度,严重侵犯了受害者的人权。自20世纪90年代初,韩国受害者开始向日本法院提起索赔诉讼,并在用尽日本法律救济措施后转向韩国法院寻求救济。2011年韩国宪法法院就个人请求权问题作出了支持韩国受害者的判决,此后韩国不同法院相继审判了若干相关案件。对此,韩国与日本各执一词纷争不断,其论争的关键法律问题是1965年《韩日关于解决财产和请求权问题及经济合作的协定》(简称《韩日请求权协定》)所放弃的请求权的范围。该问题关系到韩国受害者的个人索赔问题是否已经通过该条约“得到解决”,其核心是国家权力在何种程度上可以处分作为基本人权的个人权利。根据条约解释的一般规范,不能认定韩国受害者的个人索赔请求权已被韩国政府根据1965年《韩日请求权协定》所放弃。1965年《韩日请求权协定》的效力范围不可抵触国际强行法、不可超越缔约主体的权限。虽然韩国受害者具有个人索赔请求权,但由于国家主权豁免和韩国地方法院对日本的司法管辖权等问题,韩国受害者追究日本的责任仍然存在困难和障碍。The relation between South Korea and Japan has become increasingly tense as the courts in South Korea have made decisions favouring those forced labourers and so-called “comfort women” who suffered during the Japanese colonisation. The courts ruled against Japan, holding it legally liable, along with the Japanese government and Japanese companies. In response, the Japanese government applied a certain level of economic sanctions against South Korea. The legal dispute occurred due to the difference in understanding over the scope of the waiver of individual claims for Korean nationals under the 1965 Agreement on the Settlement of Problems Concerning Property and Claims and on Economic Co-operation(the ROK-Japan Claims Agreement of 1965), i.e., whether the individual claims of those forced labourer and “comfort women” were “already settled” under the said Agreement between South Korea and Japan. This article explains those human rights violations that enslaved civilians during the Japanese colonial period, with a focus on the illegitimacy of conscription in the colony, the validity of the Agreement, and its literal interpretation. It also discusses the extent to which public power could address the private right of individuals concerning fundamental human rights, and other problems they might face in practice, such as sovereign immunity. Finally, the paper analyses the measures that nationals of South Korea could apply when suing Japan for liability and the difficulties involved therein.

关 键 词：韩日请求权协定 强征劳工 慰安妇 反人类罪 强行法 主权豁免 

分 类 号：D997[政治法律—国际法学]