跨国文物追索诉讼的国家豁免问题  

State Immunity in International Cultural Property Recovery Suits

作　　者：霍政欣[1] 陈锐达 Huo Zhengxin;Chen Ruida

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学国际法学院

出　　处：《国际法研究》2022年第4期73-95,共23页Chinese Review of International Law

基　　金：“研究阐释党的十九届四中全会精神”国家社科基金重大项目“我国法域外适用法治体系构建研究”(课题批准号:20ZDA031)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：国家豁免原则的立场选择是以国家为当事方的跨国文物纠纷能否诉诸司法裁量的关键。在国际条约无法适用和习惯国际法尚未成熟的情况下,一国法院原则上适用法院地国现行有效的国家豁免立场。在管辖豁免层面,性质标准构成跨国文物追索诉讼中涉诉国家行为是否符合商业行为例外的主要判定标准;征收例外则构成追索战时劫掠文物最常援引的豁免例外。在执行豁免层面,外国文物的可执行性取决于其是否用于商业目的,而司法免扣押制度则可以为外国借展文物提供特殊豁免保护。中国应将流失文物追索放在涉外法治建设的系统工程中加以推进,尽快制定体现限制豁免立场的综合性国家豁免立法,并在此过程中系统构建契合文物追索现实需要的国家豁免规则。The choice of position of state immunity constitutes the key to whether an international cultural property dispute with a sovereign state as the party could be brought to suit. In the absence of international treaties or customary international law, it is a general principle that the court holds the position of the forum state at the time of the litigation. For the immunity from jurisdiction, the nature criterion is fundamental to asserting jurisdiction over the conduct of the state involved in the international cultural property recovery suit based on the commercial activity exception;the expropriation exception is on the other hand one of the most frequently invoked exceptions for the recovery of war-looted cultural property. When it comes to the immunity from execution, whether the cultural property can be exempted from constraint measures depends on whether it is used for commercial purpose, while the immunity from seizure to cultural property on loan provides a special protection for foreign cultural property. China should accelerate the recovery of cultural property under the systematic construction of the rule of law in matters involving foreign elements, and enact comprehensive legislation of state immunity that reflects the position of restricted immunity as soon as possible. By doing so, a series of state immunity rules in need for the cultural property recovery shall be systematically developed.

关 键 词：跨国文物追索 国家豁免 司法管辖豁免 执行豁免 涉外法治 

分 类 号：D997[政治法律—国际法学]