协调与疏离:欧洲对美政策探析  

Coordination and Deviation: An Analysis of Europe’s Policy Towards the U.S.

作　　者：刘胜湘[1] 李云鹏 Liu Shengxiang;Li Yunpeng(The Middle East Studies Institute,Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai 200083,China;School of International Relations and Public Affairs,Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai 200083,China)

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学中东研究所,上海200083 [2]上海外国语大学国际关系与公共事务学院,上海200083

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2022年第5期85-103,共19页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目(17AGJ004);上海外国语大学重大项目(2021114008)。

摘　　要：自确立联盟关系以来,欧美双方围绕不同议题持续争论和相互制衡,欧洲对美政策也在协调和疏离之间反复变动。外部威胁与内部分歧是影响欧美联盟关系态势及欧洲对美政策的主要变量,根据两大变量的互动,欧美联盟有四种不同关系态势:紧密联盟关系、较密切联盟关系、松散联盟关系和较松散联盟关系。不同态势下欧洲对美政策会有不同的取向。欧洲在美国退出伊核协议问题上的应对验证了以下分析框架,即欧美外部威胁与内部分歧二者的互动,是决定欧洲对美政策是协调为主还是疏离为主的关键要素。由于特朗普时期和拜登上台以来的欧美联盟分别处于松散联盟和较松散联盟关系态势,欧洲关于伊核协议问题上也分别呈现出对美更多的疏离性和协调性特征。欧洲对美政策的这一特性,对处理处于中美战略竞争背景下的中欧关系和中美关系具有重要的启示意义。Since the establishment of their alliance, Europe and the U.S. have differed and coordinated on various policy issues, European policies oscillated repeatedly between coordination and alienation. This paper contends that the interaction between external threats and internal differences between the alliance partners is the main variable that shapes the relations between the two, and forms four different conditions in their alliance: close, relatively close, relatively loose and loose. Europe’s policy toward the U. S. will have different orientations in different situations. The paper specifically examines Europe’s response to the U.S. withdrawal from the Iran nuclear deal, and verifies that the interaction between external threats and internal differences in the transatlantic alliance is the key factor in determining whether Europe’s policy is coordinated with or deviates from the U. S. on the Iranian nuclear issue. During the Trump era, while Iran’s tough stance occasionally heightened Europe’s sense of threat, the conflicts between Europe and the U. S. on a series of other issues made internal differences dominate. Europe showed more deviations from the U. S. on the Iran nuclear deal. Since Biden took office, the U. S. has made concessions to Europe in economic, trade and other fields to mitigate these same differences. Concepts and methods for dealing with the Iranian nuclear issue under Biden are closer to those of Europe, and the leading role of internal differences has been weakened. At the same time, Iran’s tough response to U. S.pressure by strengthening uranium enrichment capabilities and testing ballistic missiles has enhanced Europe’s sense of external threat has begun to reach a new balance with internal differences, and so the European-American alliance has been developing into a relatively loose relationship, showing more deviation than coordination on the issue of the Iran nuclear deal. The fluctuating nature of European policy toward the U.S. has important implications for China-Europ

关 键 词：欧洲 欧美关系 对美政策 伊核协议 中美战略竞争 协调性 疏离性 

分 类 号：D85[政治法律—政治学] D871.2[政治法律—外交学]