基于物理机制的黄土高原小流域水沙模型构建与模拟研究  

Development and simulation of water and sediment model for small watersheds in Loess Plateau based on physical mechanism

作　　者：龚志惠 李红霞[1,2] 王金星 刘超[1,2] GONG Zhihui;LI Hongxia;WangJinxing;LIU Chao(College of Water Resource&hydropower,Sichuan University,Chengdu 610065;State Key Lab.of Hydraulics and Mountain River Eng.,Sichuan Univ.,Chengdu 610065;Information Center(Hydrology Monitor and Forecast Center),Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China,Beijing 100053)

机构地区：[1]四川大学水利水电学院,成都610065 [2]四川大学水力学与山区河流开发保护国家重点实验室,成都610065 [3]水利部信息中心(水利部水文水资源监测预报中心),北京100053

出　　处：《中国防汛抗旱》2022年第8期8-14,共7页China Flood & Drought Management

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2019YFC1510703);国家自然科学基金面上项目(51979177,51879172)。

摘　　要：水沙模型是计算和评估水土流失和泥沙侵蚀的重要工具。黄土高原是我国土壤侵蚀最严重的地区之一,针对黄土高原地区水沙特点,耦合降雨径流模块、土壤侵蚀模块和泥沙输移模块,构建了基于物理机制的水沙模型,其中降雨径流模块采用水箱模型,土壤侵蚀模块包括降雨溅蚀、梁峁坡侵蚀、沟谷坡侵蚀、沟道侵蚀,泥沙输移模块采用泥沙平衡方程与蓄泄方程联合方法。以黄河支流无定河的西南部黄土丘陵沟壑区岔巴沟流域作为典型代表进行水沙模拟,并将模拟结果与MUSLE(Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation)模型进行对比,探究不同的水沙模型对于模拟结果的影响。模拟结果表明:(1)构建的水沙模型详细考虑黄土高原侵蚀过程特点,物理机制更明确,侵蚀计算更加全面。(2)构建的水沙模型具有更高的精度和可靠性,优于基于经验公式MUSLE模型,其模型平均纳什效率系数NSE为0.722,平均沙量相对误差绝对值为21.3%;基于MUSLE的模型平均NSE为0.576,平均沙量相对误差绝对值为32.8%。该研究成果为黄土高原地区泥沙侵蚀过程研究和水沙防治提供一定的科学依据。Water and sediment modeling is one of the most important tools for calculating and evaluating soil erosion and sediment erosion. The Loess Plateau is one of the most serious areas of soil erosion in China. A water and sediment model for small watersheds in Loess Plateau based on physical mechanism is developed by coupling the rainfall-runoff, soil erosion and sediment transport module. The rainfall-runoff module is Tank model, the soil erosion module includes rainfall splash erosion,loess slope erosion, gully slope erosion and groove erosion, and the sediment transport module uses the combined method of sediment balance equation and storage and discharge equation. Chabagou catchment in Loess Hilly and gully region of Wuding River, a tributary of the Yellow River, is taken as the study area, and the simulation results are compared with MUSLE(Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation) model to explore the influence of different water and sediment models on the simulation results. The results show that:(1) the developed model takes into account the characteristics of the erosion process of the Loess Plateau in detail, which makes the physical mechanism clearer and the erosion calculation more comprehensive.(2) the developed model has higher accuracy and reliability than the model based on the empirical MUSLE.The average NSE is 0.722, and the average of absolute value of relative error of sediment load is 21.3%, while the average NSE of the MUSLE model is 0.576, and the average of absolute value of relative error of sediment load is 32.8%. The results can provide a better understanding and modeling of the sediment processes and water and soil erosion control of Loess Plateau.

关 键 词：水沙模型 土壤侵蚀 MUSLE公式 黄土高原 

分 类 号：TV124[水利工程—水文学及水资源]