近代早期英国的私生子问题与国家治理  

The Problem of Bastardy and State Governance in Early Modern England

作　　者：初庆东[1] Chu Qingdong

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学历史文化学院,湖北武汉430079

出　　处：《外国问题研究》2022年第2期74-82,127,共10页FOREIGN HISTORY STUDIES

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费华中师范大学青年学术创新团队“近代欧洲国家治理研究”(编号:CCNU20TD010)。

摘　　要：16世纪末17世纪初英国出现“私生子爆炸”现象,这不仅使得贫困问题更加凸显,而且对社会秩序与公共道德造成严重威胁,因而引起国家对私生子问题的高度关注。政府先后出台多部法令,授予治安法官自由裁决权,以治理私生子问题。治安法官灵活运用罚金、鞭笞、囚禁等方式惩罚私生子父母,并要求私生子父母缴纳私生子的抚养费用,从而纾解教区的济贫负担和维护社会秩序。治安法官作为国家的“官僚”与地方社会的“家长”,在中央政府的监督与教区官员和民众的支持下,积极推进私生子问题的治理。由于私生子有违基督教的性道德教义,所以宗教权威与世俗权威结成同盟共同应对私生子问题。在中央与地方、世俗政府与教会的合作下,到17世纪中叶英国私生子的数量锐减。私生子问题的有效治理,为英国解决贫困问题和维护社会秩序提供了条件,有力地推动英国社会稳定转型。The explosion of bastardy made the problem of poverty from bad to worse,and was a great threat to social order and public morality in late sixteenth and early seventeenth century.Therefore the state paid special attention to illegitimate children and their parents.The government issued acts to regulate bastardy,and empowered justices of the peace to solve the problem of bastardy.Justices of the peace made use of fines,whipping and house of correction to punish parents of illegitimate children,and required the parents to pay fees for bringing them up.As the State’s servants and local governors,justices of the peace was supervised by central government and cooperated by parish officials and common people to regulate bastardy.Because bastardy was illegal according to Christian laws,the church and state made an alliance against bastardy.As a result,there was a great decline in bastardy around the middle of the seventeenth century.The solution of bastardy problem is helpful to tackle poverty and social disorders,which provides safeguard for social transition of England.

关 键 词：私生子 治安法官 国家治理 风习改造 社会转型 

分 类 号：K561.4[历史地理—历史学] D756.1[历史地理—世界史]