施氮量对成都平原直播油菜氮肥利用率和农田氮素表观平衡的影响  

Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Apparent Nitrogen Balance of Direct Seeding Rapeseed in Chengdu Plain of Sichuan Province

作　　者：张芳芳 胡跃 刘士山[1] 杨云飞[1] 严红梅 吴永成[1,2,3] ZHANG Fangfang;HU Yue;LIU Shishan;YANG Yunfei;YAN Hongmei;WU Yongcheng(College of Agronomy,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,China;Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in Southwest,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Chengdu 611130,China;Crop Eco-physiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province,Chengdu 611130,China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学农学院,成都611130 [2]农业农村部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,成都611130 [3]作物生理生态及栽培四川省重点实验室,成都611130

出　　处：《四川农业大学学报》2022年第4期558-564,共7页Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University

基　　金：四川省农作物育种攻关栽培课题(2016NYZ0051);国家现代农业产业技术体系四川油菜创新团队(sccxtd-2021-03)。

摘　　要：【目的】探讨四川省成都平原稻田直播油菜高产、氮肥高效利用的氮肥施用量。【方法】连续两年(2015—2017)在四川省广汉市西高镇进行大田定位试验,设置5个不同施氮量处理(0、135、180、225、270 kg N/hm^(2)),测定油菜成熟期0~20 cm土层土壤无机氮含量、籽粒产量和植株氮素吸收量,分析不同施氮量对直播油菜产量、氮肥利用率和农田氮素表观平衡的影响。【结果】与不施氮(N_(0))处理相比,增施氮肥能显著增加油菜株高、分枝部位、一次分枝数、单株角果数和籽粒产量,但株高、分枝部位和籽粒产量在4个施氮处理(135、180、225、270 kg N/hm^(2))之间无显著差异。氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量增加而降低,且各施氮量处理间差异显著。当施氮量为135~180 kg N/hm^(2)时,氮输出总量与氮输入总量差异不大,氮素表观损失较低,氮素盈余较低,且氮素盈余以土壤无机氮残留为主。由于连续两年相同施氮处理的累积效应,第2年的氮素表观损失和氮素盈余均高于第1年相同施氮处理。随施氮量增加,氮肥表观利用率和氮肥表观残留率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。氮肥表观损失率随着施氮量的增加总体上表现为下降趋势。【结论】综合考虑油菜籽粒产量、氮肥高效利用和农田氮素表观平衡等,成都平原稻田直播油菜推荐施氮量为180 kg N/hm^(2)。【Objective】This study was conducted to explore a reasonable nitrogen(N)application rates for high yield and high use efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer of direct seeding rapeseed in Chengdu plain of Sichuan province.【Method】Field experiment,consisting of five different N application rates(0,135,180,225,270 kg N/hm^(2))was conducted on Xigao town,Guanghan county of Sichuan province for two consecutive years(2015-2017).The content of soil inorganic N of 0-20 cm topsoil,seed yield and plant N absorption were determined at the maturity stage of rapeseed to analyze the effects of N application rates on yield,N use efficiency and apparent N balance of direct seeding rapeseed.【Result】Compared with N_(0) treatment,plant height,branch position,number of primary branches,number of pods per plant and grain yield of adding N fertilizer treatment were improved significantly in rapeseed.However,there was no significant difference in plant height,branching position and grain yield among four fertilizer treatments(135,180,225,270 kg N/hm^(2)).N agronomic efficiency and N partial produc‐tivity decreased with the increase in N application,and there were significant differences among different treatments.Under the N application rates(135-180 kg N/hm^(2)),there was low apparent N loss,low N surplus and little difference between total amount of N output and total amount of N input,with the N sur‐plus was mainly soil inorganic N residues.The apparent N loss and N surplus in the second year were higher than that in the first year under the same N application treatment due to accumulative effect.There was a trend of first increase and then decrease in N apparent efficiency and N apparent residual rate with the increase of N application rates.Overall,the apparent N losses decreased with the increase of N rates.【Conclusion】Considering the rapeseed yield,efficient utilization of N fertilizer,and apparent balance of farmland N,the reasonable N application rate of direct seeding rapeseed was 180 kg N/hm^(2) in Chengdu plai

关 键 词：直播油菜 施氮量 产量 氮肥利用率 氮素平衡 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]