单粒精播对中、高产旱地花生群体质量及养分利用的影响  

Effects of single seed precision sowing on population quality,nutrient utiliza-tion of peanut in medium and high yield drylands

作　　者：王建国[1,2] 耿耘 杨佃卿[3] 郭峰 杨莎[1,2] 李新国 唐朝辉[1,2] 张佳蕾 万书波[1,2] WANG Jian-Guo;GENG Yun;YANG Dian-Qing;GUO Feng;YANG Sha;LI Xin-Guo;TANG Zhao-Hui;ZHANG Jia-Lei;WAN Shu-Bo(Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Jinan 250100,Shandong,China;Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Crop Cultivation in East China,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Dongying 257000,Shandong,China;Office of Peanut Industry Development of Junan,Linyi 276600,Shandong,China)

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院农作物种质资源研究所,山东济南250100 [2]农业农村部华东地区作物栽培科学观测实验站,山东东营257000 [3]莒南县花生产业发展办公室,山东临沂276600

出　　处：《作物学报》2022年第11期2866-2878,共13页Acta Agronomica Sinica

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目“花生优质轻简高效栽培技术集成与示范”(2020YFD1000905);山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2020MC094);山东省中央引导地方科技发展资金(YDZX20203700001861)资助。

摘　　要：通过分析中、高产旱地花生不同单粒精播种植密度下个体和群体质量、养分吸收等方面的差异,研究单粒精播增产机制,以确定中、高产旱地适宜的单粒精播密度,为花生高产高效栽培提供理论依据。2018年和2019年在山东平度(PD)选取高产旱地、济阳(JY)选取中产旱地,开展大田试验。设3个单粒精播密度处理,为27.8、23.8和20.8万株hm^(-2),株距分别为9.0 cm、10.5 cm和12.0 cm,编号为SS_(9.0)、SS_(10.5)和SS_(12.0);双粒播种株数27.8万株hm^(-2),株距18 cm,记为DS_(18.0)。结果表明,与双粒播种(DS_(18.0))相比,单粒精播栽培提高了叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(P_(n))、叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI),且LAI峰值较高和持续时间长。单粒精播发挥了单株干物质生产潜力,提高了群体干物质最大积累速率6.1%~20.7%,实现了干物质的快速积累。对于高产旱地平度,成熟期群体干物质积累量大小为SS_(12.0)>SS_(9.0)>SS_(10.5)>DS_(18.0),而中产旱地济阳为SS_(9.0)>SS_(12.0)>SS_(10.5)>DS_(18.0);与DS_(18.0)相比,单粒精播栽培群体干物质积累量提高5.4%~14.9%。单粒精播栽培促进了单株和群体对N、P、K、Ca的吸收和积累,增加了N和P养分向荚果中分配比例,提高了肥料利用效率。高产旱地中单粒精播栽培通过提高个体生产力,增加单株饱果个数和百果重,实现了群体增产13.6%~19.1%(2018年)和15.5%~23.8%(2019年),适宜单粒精播密度为20.8万株hm^(-2)。中产旱地,单粒精播促进个体健壮和形成高密度的群体优势是实现增产的关键,增幅8.4%~19.4%(2018年)和13.9%~27.8%(2019年),适宜密度为27.8万株hm^(-2)。综上,高产旱地群体质量和养分吸收量均优于中产旱地。单粒精播栽培模式可充分发挥中、高产旱地花生单株生产潜力,促进光合产物积累和养分吸收利用,改善了中、高产旱地花生群体质量,表现为“强源”“畅流”“壮库”,提高了荚果产量和收获指To investigate the suitable single seed precision sowing density in medium and high-yield drylands and provide a theo-retical basis for high-yield and high-efficiency cultivation in peanut,the overyielding mechanism of single seed precision sowing was studied by analyzing the differences of individual and population quality and nutrient absorption under different single seed precision sowing planting densities of peanut in medium and high-yield drylands.High-yield drylands were selected in Pingdu(PD)of Shandong province and middle drylands were selected in Jiyang(JY)of Shandong province for field experiments in 2018 and 2019.Three single seed precision sowing density treatments were established.Compared with the double-seed sowing(278,000 plants hm^(–2),DS_(18.0),CK),three single seed precision sowing treatments were 278,000 plants hm^(–2)(SS_(9.0)),238,000 plants hm^(–2)(SS_(10.5)),and 208,000 plants hm^(–2)(SS_(12.0)),respectively.Plant spacing of single seed sowing of SS_(9.0),SS_(10.5),and SS_(12.0) treatments in peanut was 9.0,10.5,and 12.0 cm,and plant spacing of double-seed sowing of DS_(18.0) treatment in peanut was 18.0 cm.The results showed that compared with double seed sowing treatment(DS_(18.0)),single seed precision sowing cultivation improved leaf SPAD,net photosynthetic rate,leaf area index(LAI),the peak value,and duration of leaf area index were higher.Single seed precision sowing exerted the potential of single plant dry matter production,increased the maximum accumulation rate of population dry matter by 6.1%to 20.7%,and realized the rapid accumulation of dry matter.For high-yield drylands in Pingdu,the population dry matter accumulation was SS_(12.0)>SS_(9.0)>SS_(10.5)>DS_(18.0) at mature stage,and that was SS_(9.0)>SS_(12.0)>SS_(10.5)>DS_(18.0) under middle-yield dryland in Jiyang.Compared with DS_(18.0),the population dry matter accumulation of single seed sowing cultivation increased by 5.4%–14.9%.Single seed precision sowing cultivation promoted the absorption and the accumulatio

关 键 词：花生 单粒精播 群体质量 中、高产旱地 养分 产量 

分 类 号：S565.2[农业科学—作物学]