芸薹属二倍体种的基因组结构及细胞遗传学研究进展  

Research progress in genome structure and cytogenetics of Brassica diploids

作　　者：邵玉娇[1] 曾攀 李再云[2] SHAO Yu-jiao;ZENG Pan;LI Zai-yun(College of Chemistry and Life Science,Hubei University of Education,Wuhan 430205,China;National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement,College of Plant Science and Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University,Wu-han 430070,China)

机构地区：[1]湖北第二师范学院化学与生命科学学院,湖北武汉430205 [2]作物遗传改良国家重点实验室/华中农业大学植物科学技术学院,湖北武汉430070

出　　处：《中国油料作物学报》2022年第3期467-475,共9页Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31771827)。

摘　　要：本文综合分析了细胞遗传学及比较基因组学在芸薹属栽培种基因组结构及进化方面的研究进展。测序物种的DNA序列比较分析显示,芸薹族特有的六倍体祖先基因组的进化途径为,先由芸薹科x=8的祖先核型衍生出染色体数减少的x=7的核型,然后该核型经过三倍化事件产生古老的六倍体基因组,最后才分化产生3个芸薹属栽培二倍体种。根据3个二倍体种测序基因组的比较分析,构建了具有9条染色体的芸薹属祖先基因组及所形成的二倍体的染色体组成。传统及分子细胞遗传学研究为二倍体种基因组的多倍体性质及部分同源性关系提供了直观的证据,特别是二倍体间的异源染色体附加系的减数分裂配对行为揭示了单条染色体间的同源性程度。最后,对依据近缘物种的基因组结构进行芸薹属作物种质资源的创建与利用提出建议。The comprehensive analyses of the cytogenetical and comparative genomic studies related to the genome structure and evolution of Brassica diploids were made in this review.From the comparisons of DNA sequences from the species sequenced,evolutionary process of the ancestral paleohexaploid genome specific for the Brassi⁃ceae tribe was at first the derivation of the x=7 karyotype from the ancestral Brassicaceae karyotype with x=8 by the chromosome reduction,and then the formation of the hexaploid genome by the whole genome triplication event,and finally the speciation of the 3 diploids.On the basis of genomic sequences of 3 diploids,their ancestral genome including 9 chromosomes were constructed and the chromosomal components of each diploid were given.Traditional and molecular cytogenetical studies provided direct evidences for the polyploidy nature of these diploid genomes and their homoeologous relationships.In particular,the degrees of homoeology at chromosomal levels were revealed by the meiotic pairing of the monosomic additional lines involving 2 of 3 diploids.Finally,the research strategy for germplasm enrichment and genetic improvement of Brassica crops was suggested with the consideration of the genome structure of the relatives.

关 键 词：芸薹属 细胞遗传学 祖先核型 减数分裂 附加系 

分 类 号：S565.4[农业科学—作物学]