德国附属刑法的立法述评与启示  

A Review of German Subsidiary Criminal Law and Its Implications for China

作　　者：柏浪涛[1] Bai Langtao

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2022年第4期101-115,共15页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“犯罪化的理论体系与实践机制研究”(项目号:21AFX010);国家社科基金一般项目“公共危险防控背景下的监督过失理论研究”(项目号:20BFX071)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：德国之所以采用附属刑法的立法模式,与其国家结构、立法传统有关。关于附属刑法与核心刑法的界分,法益性质理论、规制对象理论及秩序属性理论均难以自洽。行政法规范与刑法规范“禀赋”不同,二者结合生成的附属刑法规范如何保障明确性原则,是德国刑法学的重点研究问题,例如,如何明晰大量诞生的不作为犯,在结果归属上如何使行政法与刑法同等严格,如何明确罪过形式、保障责任主义等。附属刑法规范的语义结构分为“自下而上”模型与“自上而下”模型。其中的层层援引现象对明确性原则形成挑战。违法性认识错误常常出现在行政犯领域。“核心刑法适用责任理论、附属刑法适用故意理论”的观点引起激烈争论。如何认识行政违法性与附属刑法的违法性,如何看待法律过失与行为过失,也是研究重点。从刑罚的目的看,附属刑法不利于消极的一般预防和积极的一般预防。我国若放弃统一刑法典的立法模式而采用附属刑法,则需要对以上系列问题进行充分的预估与研究。The subsidiary criminal law,as a legislative model,is adopted in Germany because of German state structure and legislative tradition.However,its distinction from core criminal law can hardly be fully explained by any of the theories alone of legal interest,object of regulation,and the nature of order.As a product of the integration of the administrative law and criminal law that are founded on different theories and have respective strength,how to ensure its adherence to the principle of explicitness is a key issue to be studied in German criminal law:the clarification of the crime of negligence,the guarantee of the exact strictness in the result of the administrative law,which is the characteristics of criminal law,and the clear definition of offences and legal liabilities.However,the principle of explicitness is often challenged by the different references to the subsidiary criminal law,since its semantic structure can be of a"bottom-up"model or of a"top-down"one.In addition,another key issue that needs to be studied is how to differentiate the illegality in the subsidiary criminal law from that of the administrative law and how to distinguish negligence from misconduct,since misunderstanding of illegality often occur in administrative law,and the heated debate exist over the statement that"the core criminal law applies the theory of legal liability and the subsidiary criminal law applies the theory of intent."In fact,from the objective of criminal punishment,subsidiary criminal law is not conducive to general prevention,both positively and negatively.If it is to be adopted in China to take the place of the unified criminal code,all the above issues need to be thoroughly studied and evaluated.

关 键 词：附属刑法 行政刑法 统一刑法典 明确性原则 违法性认识错误 

分 类 号：D951.6[政治法律—法学] DD914