先秦时期的族武装考论  

On the Clan Forces of the Pre-Qin Period

作　　者：李忠林[1] LI Zhong-lin(School of History and Civilization,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an 710119,Shannxi)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学历史文化学院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《陕西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2022年第4期64-73,共10页Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“商周兵制研究”(17FJS002)。

摘　　要：族武装在先秦时期是一种特殊的军事力量,由部落时代的氏族武装发展而来。在传说时代,黄帝、炎帝和蚩尤之间的战争,主要是依靠氏族武装作战。即便是在已经步入文明社会的夏代,氏族武装仍旧大量存在。而伴随着殷商时代宗族势力的兴起,氏族武装逐渐转化为族武装。商代后期的殷墟卜辞中有很多涉及族武装参战的辞例,分别记载了王族、子族和异姓贵族的族武装单独或配合国家军队对方国的战斗。到了西周时期,因为西周以宗法立国,族武装盛行,《禹鼎》和《多友鼎》铭文表明族武装效忠的对象不再是代表国家的周王而是中央王朝中作为“公”的族长。春秋中期以前,卿大夫的族武装尚以“百乘”为限,而到春秋晚期,卿大夫的族武装已经发展到能与公室分庭抗礼的地步,以致最后出现了“三家分晋”“田氏代齐”式的政权鼎革。战国时期,列国变法肃清了血缘关系在基层社会中的组织影响力,宗族势力渐趋瓦解,小农家庭成为社会生产生活的基本单元,族武装逐渐消匿。The clan forces, whose predecessor was gens forces in the tribal era, was a special military in the pre-Qin period. In the legend era, the war between the Huang Emperor, Yan Emperor and Chiyou was mainly reliant on the gens forces, even if in the Xia Dynasty, the gens forces still existed, which changed into clan forces after the establishment of the Shang Dynasty. Yin Ruins inscriptions of the late Shang Dynasty have multiple entries involving clan forces, including royal clan, prince clans and other different surname noble clans, who fought against the opposing state alone or with national army. There are lots of combat records about clan forces in the inscription on the bronze of the West Zhou Dynasty from King Kang to King Xuan. Yu Ding and Duoyou Ding show clearly that these clan forces were allegiance to the patriarch who served as a Duke in the central dynasty, not the King of Zhou. Before the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the clan forces of the high ministers were limited by one hundred chariots, but entering the later stage, their forces became stronger unprecedentedly. It was not until the Warring states period that the clan forces declined gradually.

关 键 词：族武装 氏族 宗法共同体 商周兵制 

分 类 号：K221[历史地理—历史学]