山东省冬小麦产量差与氮肥利用效率差形成机理解析  

Mechanisms Analysis on Yield Gap and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Gap of Winter Wheat in Shandong Province

作　　者：韩守威 司纪升[1] 余维宝 孔令安[1] 张宾[1] 王法宏[1] 张海林[2] 赵鑫[2] 李华伟[1] 孟鈺 HAN ShouWei;SI JiSheng;YU WeiBao;KONG LingAn;ZHANG Bin;WANG FaHong;ZHANG HaiLin;ZHAO Xin;LI HuaWei;MENG Yu(Crop Research Institute,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Ji’nan 250100;College of Agronomy and Biotechnology,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100193)

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院作物研究所,济南250100 [2]中国农业大学农学院,北京100193

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2022年第16期3110-3122,I0006,共14页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：山东省良种工程项目(2019LZGC001);泰山产业领军人才项目(tscy20190106);国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0300105-5);国家小麦产业技术体系(CARS-03-22)。

摘　　要：【目的】量化山东省冬小麦产量差及氮肥利用效率差,分析产量差和效率差之间的关系,明确环境、栽培条件及生理因素对产量差的贡献,探讨协同缩差增效的可能途径,为冬小麦产量差缩减和资源利用效率提升提供理论依据。【方法】本试验于2016—2020年在山东济宁、德州、烟台和淄博4市进行,综合肥料投入、播种密度和灌溉水平等管理措施,设置了超高产水平(SH)、高产高效水平(HH)、农户水平(FP)和基础产量水平(ISP)4种模式,定量分析不同产量水平冬小麦产量差和氮肥利用效率差,分析产量差和效率差之间关系,讨论产量差和效率差形成的影响因素及缩差增效的可能途径。【结果】当前山东冬小麦高产纪录与SH、SH与HH、HH与FP以及FP与ISP之间的产量差分别为2729.1、674.3、1042.9和4349.8 kg·hm^(-2),SH与HH、HH与FP之间的氮肥偏生产力差分别为-13.54和15.67 kg·kg^(-1);产量和氮肥偏生产力之间存在着二次抛物线关系。当前降水、光温等不可控因素和肥水投入等可控因素对产量差的贡献率分别为31.16%和68.84%。结果显示,平均叶面积指数(MLAI)、平均净同化率(MNAR)、单位面积穗数(EN)和粒重(GW)差与SH和HH之间的产量差呈显著正相关关系;而收获指数(HI)、穗粒数(GN)和粒重(GW)差与HH和FP之间的产量差呈显著正相关。SH和HH处理较FP处理有更高的地上部生物量、单株分蘖数以及分蘖成穗率。【结论】当前山东省冬小麦农户产量只实现了最高纪录产量的64.34%,通过优化水肥投入量、提高追肥比例、增施有机肥和锌肥等栽培措施可使冬小麦产量差缩减23.46%,氮肥偏生产力提高56.99%。花后物质生产能力仍然是小麦产量提升的限制因素,在保证花后光合同化的同时,提高花前物质的再转运以提高收获指数是农户模式向高产高效发展的有效途径。【Objective】Four planting patterns were designed based on survey data to simulate four different yield levels of winter wheat to quantify the yield gap and nitrogen use efficiency gap in Shandong province,to analyze the relationship between yield gap and nitrogen use efficiency gap,and to clarify the contribution of the environment,cultivation conditions and physiological parameters to the yield gap,so as to explore possible ways to synergistically narrow yield gap and increase resource utilization efficiency.【Method】This experiment was carried out in Jining,Dezhou,Yantai and Zibo in Shandong from 2016 to 2020.Four treatments were set through comprehensive management measures,such as selection of varieties,fertilizer input,planting density,and irrigation level,which were super-high yield level(SH),high-yield and high-efficiency level(HH),farmer level(FP),and basic yield level(ISP).The yield gap and nitrogen use efficiency gap between different yield levels were analyzed quantitatively to explore the influencing factors of yield gap and nitrogen use efficiency gap and the way to narrow yield gap and increase nitrogen use efficiency.【Result】The yield gap between the current high-yield record of wheat in Shandong and SH,SH and HH,HH and FP,FP and ISP were 2729.1,674.3,1042.9 and 4349.8 kg·hm^(-2),respectively.The partial production efficiency gap of nitrogen between SH and HH,HH and FP were-13.54 and 15.67 kg·kg^(-1),respectively.There was a quadratic equation between the yield and the partial production efficiency of nitrogen.The contribution rate of the current uncontrollable factors(precipitation,temperature,etc.)and controllable factors(resource input,etc.)to the yield gap were 31.16%and 68.84%,respectively.The results showed that the gap of mean leaf area index(MLAI),mean net assimilation rate(MNAR),ear number per unit area(EN)and grain weight(GW)were significantly positively correlated with the yield gap between SH and HH(YG_(Ⅱ)).The gap of harvest index(HI),grain number per spike(GN)and grain w

关 键 词：冬小麦 产量差 氮肥偏生产力差 产量性能分析 

分 类 号：S512.11[农业科学—作物学]