俄帝国史与古今之变:以近代俄罗斯与中亚草原关系为中心的考察  

The History of the Russian Empire and its Changes: Centered on the Relationship between Modern Russia and the Central Asian Steppe

作　　者：施越 Shi Yue

机构地区：[1]北京大学东方文学研究中心 [2]北京大学外国语学院

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2022年第3期81-108,共28页Russian Studies

基　　金：2020年北京市社会科学基金青年项目“哈萨克斯坦近代历史研究”(项目批准号:20LSC016)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：20世纪90年代以来,由“帝国”概念生发的诸多理论成为讨论俄罗斯史的重要框架。国内外学界对帝国的论述可分为文明帝国论、资本帝国论和多元帝国论三类范式。多元帝国论为冷战后欧美学界书写俄帝国史的基本史观。本文从18-20世纪初俄国与中亚草原地区互动的具体历史经验出发,指出多元帝国论存在忽视帝国近代转型的问题。在回顾18世纪30年代、19世纪20年代、19世纪60年代和20世纪初四个主要历史时段俄国对中亚草原政策的基础上,本文提出,俄国在征服和统治中亚草原的进程中,并未刻意在该地区维持多元治理架构,而是在19世纪60年代的管理体制改革和19世纪末的移民政策之下,将草原地区逐步整合入帝国版图。从上述历史事实出发,本文尝试以近代转型视角补充现有的帝国理论,强调区分讨论“古典帝国”与“现代帝国”的必要性及理论意义。Since the 1990s, various theories derived from the concept of “empire” have become an important framework for discussing Russian history.Within domestic and foreign academic circles, discourses on empire could be divided into three paradigms, namely, the civilization empire theory, the capital empire theory and the pluralistic empire theory. The pluralistic empire theory has provided a basic historic horizon for Europeans and Americans to interpret the history of the Russian Empire since the Cold War. According to specific historical experiences of the interaction between Russia and the Central Asian steppe from the 18century to early 20century, this paper points out that the pluralistic empire theory has ignored empires’ transformation to modernity.Based on reviewing the four main historic periods of Russia’s policies towards the Central Asian steppe in the 1730s, 1820s, 1860s and early 20century, this paper concludes that Russia did not deliberately maintain a pluralistic governance structure in this region when it conquered and dominated the Central Asian steppe. But instead Russia gradually integrated the steppe into its territory against the backdrop of management reform in the 1860s and immigration policy in the late 19century. According to the above historic facts, this paper attempts to supplement the existing empire theories from the perspective of modern transformation, emphasizing the necessity and theoretical significance in distinguishing between “classical empires” and “modern empires”.

关 键 词：俄罗斯帝国 帝国理论 帝国研究 中亚草原 “欧亚革命” 

分 类 号：K512[历史地理—历史学]