澳大利亚墨累-达令流域治理的经验与启示  

Lessons and Inspirations from the Governance of the Murray-Darling River Basin in Australia

作　　者：张敏纯[1] Zhang Minchun

机构地区：[1]长沙理工大学法学院,410014

出　　处：《国外社会科学》2022年第3期62-72,197,198,共13页Social Sciences Abroad

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“生态环境综合执法改革与垂直管理改革有机衔接研究”(21BFX139)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：流域治理是生态系统整体性和系统性的内在要求。在20世纪早期之前,澳大利亚水资源管理主要以发展为导向,以行政手段主导水资源分配,造成了较为严重的环境退化,进而影响到供水的质与量。20世纪90年代以来,澳大利亚建立了以2004年《国家水务计划》、2007年《联邦水法》及其修正案和2012年《墨累-达令流域计划》为主的大江大河流域治理框架,水资源管理由区域为主转向流域为主,水资源分配由行政主导转向市场为主。墨累-达令流域治理的经验表明,市场与有效的监管框架相结合,可以为实现可持续发展做出贡献。尽管我国政治经济体制及法律传统与澳大利亚有着本质差异,但并不妨碍我国汲取澳大利亚百余年水务改革的经验和教训,完善我国大江大河的治理体制,尤其是为与墨累-达令流域高度相似的黄河流域立法提供镜鉴。Watershed governance is an inherent requirement of the integrity and systematization of ecosystem. Prior to the early 20th century, Australia’s water resources management was mainly development-oriented,with water resources allocation dominated by administrative means. This resulted in serious environmental degradation,which in turn affected the quality and quantity of water supply.Since the 1990s,Australia has established a framework for the governance of major river basins,with the2004 National Water Plan,the 2007 Water Law and its amendments,and the 2012 Murray-Darling Basin Plan as the overall governance framework for major river basins,with a shift from regional to basin-based water resources management and from administrative to market-based water resources allocation. MurrayDarling basin governance shows that a combination of markets and an effective regulatory compliance framework can contribute to achieving sustainable development. Although China’s political and economic system and legal tradition are fundamentally different from those of Australia,China can still draw on Australia’s experience and lessons of more than 100 years of water reform to improve the governance system of China’s major rivers,in particular for the legislation of the Yellow River Basin,which is highly similar to the Murray-Darling River Basin.

关 键 词：流域治理 墨累-达令流域 水务改革 水权交易 澳大利亚 

分 类 号：D961.1[政治法律—法学]