马克思主义拉美化的理论溯源——秘鲁社会主义大论战及其影响  

The Theoretical Origin of Latin Americanization of Marxism from the Perspective of Peruvian Socialist Debate

作　　者：郑祥福[1] 凌哲宏 Zheng Xiangfu;Ling Zhehong

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学国外马克思主义研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2022年第3期1-22,154,共23页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：秘鲁社会主义大论战的最大贡献是在“正统马克思主义”之外,提出一套符合拉美现实的灵活、开放、包容的拉美化马克思主义方案,并促使秘鲁社会加速向现代转型。俄国十月革命后,拉美马克思主义运动步入教条化,“欧洲中心主义”与“拉美例外论”一致认为马克思主义不适合拉丁美洲。彼时,来自秘鲁的何塞·卡洛斯·马里亚特吉和阿亚·德拉托雷根据对马克思主义的深入理解及对秘鲁社会的深刻洞察,提出必须对马克思主义结合拉美现实进行本土化改造,由此展开如何拉美化马克思主义的激烈论战。马里亚特吉从马克思主义立场出发,提出了涵盖阶级性质、革命性质与对象、斗争方式等方面的马克思主义民族化思想;而早期信奉马克思主义的阿亚则与之针锋相对,依据“历史时空观”和“印第安美洲观”对马克思主义进行大刀阔斧的改造,最终转向民众主义阵营。他们二人引发的秘鲁社会主义大论战深刻影响了拉美马克思主义的兴衰及拉美20世纪的政治变革。The biggest contribution of the socialist debate in Peru is that,in addition to the“orthodox Marxism”,it has put forward a flexible,open and inclusive Latin American Marxist program in line with regional reality,and promoted the accelerated modernization of Peruvian society. Since the October Revolution in Russia,the Marxist movement in Latin America slipped into dogmatism. Both“Eurocentrism”and“Latin American exceptionalism”assumed that Marxism was not suitable for Latin America. Given this background, JoséCarlos Mariátegui and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre from Peru,on the basis of their in-depth understanding of Marxism and their insight about Peruvian society, proposed that Marxism must be localized in combination with Latin American reality,thus launched a fierce debate on how to latinize Marxism. From the standpoint of Marxism,Mariátegui put forward the thought of Marxist nationalization, which covers the nature of classes, the nature and object of revolution,as well as the way of struggle. Meanwhile, Haya de la Torre,who had believed in Marxism in his early life,disagreed with Mariátegui’s thought.He made a drastic transformation of Marxism according to the“historical space-time view”and“Indian American view”,and finally turned to the populist camp. The socialist debate in Peru triggered by Mariátegui and Haya had yielded a profound impact on the development of Marxism in Latin America,and thus influenced the political development in this region in the 20th century. This paper attempts to reveal the consensus and differences between Mariátegui and Haya de la Torre on the Latin Americanization of Marxism,and expounds the historical divisions and basic forms of Marxism in Latin America.

关 键 词：马克思主义拉美化 社会主义本土化 马里亚特吉阿亚 民族主义 左翼政党 

分 类 号：A811[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学]