尼加拉瓜革命与美国里根政府对西欧的公共外交——跨大西洋史的视角  

Public Diplomacy of the S/LPD in West Europe on the Nicaragua Revolution during the Reagan Administration

作　　者：江振鹏[1] Jiang Zhenpeng

机构地区：[1]福建师范大学美洲史研究院

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2022年第3期43-62,155,156,共22页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：笔者主持的国家社科基金青年基金项目“二战后美国对台湾地区公共外交政策的演变及影响研究”(编号:16CSS030)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：里根时期美国对尼加拉瓜革命采取公开敌视与秘密武装干预的政策,引发大西洋两岸社会舆论的积极抵制。为此,美国国务院创设了拉美与加勒比公共外交处,旨在为里根强硬的中美洲政策作舆论宣传。美国利用驻西欧各地使馆的新闻处,将欧洲各国新闻媒体、知识界和社会利益集团等纳为公共外交的重要对象,制定和实施一系列的公共外交行动,企图说服欧洲盟友关注中美洲威胁的国际影响,从而为美国武力干预与渗透政策寻求国际舆论支持。美国操纵下的西半球对尼加拉瓜奥尔特加新政权采取敌视、封锁政策,桑地诺民族解放阵线不得不通过海外移民、天主教组织等非政府组织网络到欧洲积极争取海外支持力量。在跨大西洋的互动中,美国与尼加拉瓜在西欧舆论公共空间展开了一场宣传较量。美国公共外交处炒作共产主义、反民主、破坏人权等话语议题诋毁尼加拉瓜新政权,而在欧洲的尼加拉瓜非政府团体则积极揭露美国支持下索摩查的独裁、反对派的人权劣迹、主权独立等议题争取欧洲的支持。最终美国里根政府因内部“伊朗门事件”爆发而被迫撤销公共外交处,但尼加拉瓜面临的国际环境也明显恶化。Reagan Administration had adopted a public antagonism and clandestine armed intervention policy to the Nicaraguan Revolution,which led to negative reaction of public opinion both at home and abroad. Thus the U. S. Department of State established the Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean( S/LPD) to coordinate Central American public diplomacy for defensing its hard-line policies. During 1983 to 1987,S/LPD coordinated the press offices of embassies across Western Europe to carry out a series of public diplomacy plans toward local governments officials,news media,intelligentsia and interest groups,so as to convince its European allies about the international threaten posed by revolutions in Central America and seek international support for its military intervention and permeation policies in this region. Facing the siege of U. S. policies to Nicaragua in the Western Hemisphere,Sandinista National Liberation Front( FLSN) had to engage in solidarity movements in Europe through the immigrants and Catholic NGOS to increase its international resources, thus ushering a propaganda war between U. S. and FSLN in the European public opinion area. S/LPD put forth issues about communism,anti-democracy,human rights violation to humiliate the Nicaraguan new regime,while the Nicaraguan NGOs in Europe persistently revealed Somoza’s authoritarianism,Contra’s notorious behaviors against human rights and national independent rights,so as to gain support from the European publics. Eventually, S/LPD was closed down due to the scandal of Iran-Contra Affair. However,the international environment faced by Nicaragua has been evidently damaged due to Reagan Administration’s public diplomacy in Western Europe.

关 键 词：尼加拉瓜革命 里根政府 公共外交处 西欧公共外交 跨大西洋史 

分 类 号：K14[历史地理—历史学]