关中方言的两种形容词名词化手段  

On the Two Means of Nominalization of Adjectives in Dialects in Guanzhong Area in Shaanxi Province

作　　者：邢向东 XING Xiangdong

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学文学院/语言资源开发研究中心,西安

出　　处：《方言》2022年第3期257-266,共10页Dialect

基　　金：国家社科基金重大招标项目《西北地区汉语方言地图集》(15ZDB106);国家社科基金重大项目“汉语方言母语深度调查研究”(21&ZD303);中国社会科学院语言研究所重大项目“汉语方言母语深度调查”。

摘　　要：关中方言中存在形容词名词化的现象。即形容词通过一定手段转化为名词,语义由描写义转为指称义,可以称为“状态名词”。具体分为两类:AA子式;ABBm式。AA子式的词调与NN子名词相同,可以在“是+O”“V成+O”结构中作宾语,还可作主语、受事宾语、“把”字的宾语和定语;其指称义在词汇层面可以分为两个小类,一类为转指,一类为自指,后者进入句子后或为转指,或兼表自指和转指。ABBm式通过同形形容词的变调构成,可以作“是”“V成”的宾语,语义上表示自指或转指。AA子式、ABBm式反映了关中方言形容词名词化的两种途径:AA子式是从名词NN子式直接类推而来,没有形容词原式;ABBm式是由状态形容词通过词调变化构成的,有形容词原式。AA子式是“重叠+派生”构词法构成的词,ABBm式是屈折构词法构成的词。不过,它们形成的机制都是语法类推,实现名词化的典型句法条件是“是+O”。两者殊途同归,共同组成关中方言状态名词的整体,体现了重叠式名词在关中方言中强大的构词能力和扩展能力。Adjective nominalization,referring to the phenomenon that an adjective transforms into a noun through certain means with its function shifting from descriptive to referential,is observed of dialects in Guanzhong area in Shaanxi province.These deadjectival nouns fall into two types as the AAZi子structure and the ABBm structure.Words of AAZi子structure share the same tone with those of NNZi子structure.They can be used in the slots following shi是and V+cheng成,also as subjects,accusative objects,objects of the verb ba把,and attributes.They can be used for transferred reference and self-reference;but when the latter is used in the sentence,it has either transferred reference or both.Words of the ABBm structure come from the tonal change of adjective homographs.They can also be used following shi是and V+cheng成,but it has transferred reference or self-reference.The AAZi子and ABBm structures show us two means of adjective nominalization in Guanzhong dialects.AAZi structure,analogized directly from the NNZi子structure,fails to trace back to any original adjective stems.The ABBm structure comes from the tonal change of deadjectival nouns,and they have the original adjective stems.In terms of word-formation,the AAZi structure belongs to reduplication and derivation,and the ABBm structure inflection.However,they are formed both by grammatical analogy,i.e.,under the same typical syntactic condition of shi是+O in nominalization.Therefore,they achieve the same goal through different paths.The deadjectival stative nouns prove the significance of reduplication in word formation and assimilation in Guanzhong dialects.

关 键 词：关中方言 重叠式 名词化 句法功能 指称功能 

分 类 号：H172.2[语言文字—汉语]