巴西黑人奴隶家庭的组织模式及其特点  

On the Organizational Model and Characteristics of Black Slave Families in Brazil

作　　者：焦健 Jiao Jian

机构地区：[1]南开大学拉丁美洲研究中心

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2022年第4期136-153,158,共19页Journal of Latin American Studies

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大课题“独立以来拉丁美洲的社会转型”(编号:19JJD770007)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：巴西奴隶制时期黑人奴隶多数不能以法律认可的方式结婚,他们婚姻的合法性大多不被承认。但由于黑人奴隶有组建家庭的强烈愿望,且具备必要的物质生活条件和组建家庭的客观因素,奴隶们在各种制约和限制下仍然建立了自己的家庭。黑人奴隶在非洲传统文化习俗的影响下,适应了巴西奴隶制社会的现实环境,形成了部族内婚制、种植园内婚制和外婚制等奴隶所特有的择偶模式,并在组建家庭的过程中形成了核心家庭、单亲家庭和扩大家庭等独特的家庭结构。相较于美洲实行奴隶制的其他地区,巴西黑人奴隶的家庭构成相对稳定,家庭关系中存在特殊的干亲关系,尤以教父教母关系最为典型和独特。黑人奴隶家庭组织模式具有鲜明的时代性和特殊性,不仅反映了奴隶制特殊历史条件下黑人奴隶对现实社会环境的妥协与适应,而且体现了奴隶对非洲传统文化习俗的沿袭和创新。黑人奴隶家庭客观上延长了奴隶制在巴西的存续时间,同时对非洲黑人文化的代际传承起到了至关重要的媒介作用。During the period of slavery in Brazil,most of the black slaves could not marry in the way recognized by law. However,black slaves generally had strong desires as well as necessary material living conditions to enter into marriage,thus they formed their own families albeit various constraints and restrictions. Under the influence of African traditional culture and customs,black slaves adapted to the realistic environment of slavery society in Brazil and formed the unique mate selection mode,such as tribal endogamy,plantation endogamy and exogamy. In the process of forming families three kinds of family structures emerged, i. e., nuclear family, single-parent family, and extended family. Compared with other regions in the Americas where slavery was practiced,the family composition of black slaves in Brazil was relatively stable. There are special interpersonal relations in the family relations of black Brazilian slaves,and that between slaves and their godfather or godmother is the most typical and unique. The organization model of black slave family has distinctive characteristics of the times,which not only reflects the adaptation of black slaves to the realistic social environment under the special historical conditions of slavery,but also reflects both inheritance and innovation of African traditional culture and customs. The black slave family objectively prolonged the existence of slavery in Brazil,and played a crucial role in mediating the intergenerational inheritance of African culture.

关 键 词：巴西黑人 婚姻 择偶模式 家庭结构 奴隶制 非洲文化 

分 类 号：K14[历史地理—历史学]