印度律师行业的自治转型及启示  

Indian Legal Profession’s Transformation to Self-governance and the Reflections

作　　者：张文娟 孙祯锋 ZHANG Wenjuan;SUN Zhenfeng

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学国际与公共事务学院 [2]印度金德尔全球大学印中研究中心 [3]哈佛大学肯尼学院艾什中心 [4]上海交通大学凯原法学院

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2022年第4期83-102,155,156,共22页South and Southeast Asian Studies

摘　　要：印度律师制度在英国分段式殖民统治模式与本土文化的交织互动下生成并演进,形成了多层级、多种类的复杂行业结构。印度独立后,根据1953年“达斯委员会报告”和1958年“14号司法改革报告”的建议,印度在全国范围内建立统一的自治型律师职业制度。全国统一且高度行业自治的律师制度被1950年《宪法》采纳,并被1961年《律师法》予以详细确认。这一自治权不仅针对律师行业,还覆盖法学教育。《律师法》通过授予印度律师协会广泛的规则制定权和极少的外部约束,保障其自主运行。印度律师行业的行为规范由印度律师协会制定,而其所受到的外部约束则主要是高等法院和最高法院确立的蔑视法庭行为规则,政府对其几乎不具有任何管理权。印度律师行业从独立前的高等法院分散管理转型到独立后的高度行业自治形态,更加重视自己作为司法共同体的成员身份,重视行业的职业属性并有意识弱化其商业属性。不过这一高度自治也存在负面影响,如容易保守、缺乏改革动力;或将行业利益凌驾于公共利益之上等。India legal profession was created and developed through the interaction of British colonization in a phased manner and the local context which produced a complex structure with many layers and various classifications.For the post-independence legal profession transformation,Das Committee Report and the 14Report on Reform of Judicial Administration consistently suggest India establish a national wide legal profession with self-governance.This suggestion was supported by the 1950 Indian Constitution and also specified by the Advocate Act 1961.The legal profession’s self-governance is not just for the professional practice but also extended to the legal education.The Advocate Act 1961 grants a large range of regulatory power to the Bar Council of India and state bars with very few external limitations to really enable its self-governance.That is,the ethical standards of Indian legal Profession are mainly set up by the Bar Council of India and state bars which are only subject to external limit of "Contempt of Court" imposed by Supreme Court of India and High Courts.The Constitution and the Advocate Act give little or even no space for government to regulate the profession.The Indian legal profession transformed from fragmented regulation by high courts to the profession of selfgovernance make the profession value itself highly as part of the judicial community,and emphasizes its professional nature than its commercial nature.But we could notice that the high degree of self-governance of the legal profession also has some drawbacks such as lack of self-reforming incentive,and occasionally placing legal profession’s interests above public interests.In summary,the Indian legal profession’s transformation to selfgovernance has both pros and cons which might provide some clues for the debates around the reform of Chinese legal profession.

关 键 词：印度律师 律师协会 行业自治 律师自治转型 律师管理制度 

分 类 号：D935.1[政治法律—法学] DD916.5