草场细碎化如何影响牧户实现草畜平衡——以内蒙古与青海典型牧区为例  

How Does the Fragmentation of Pasture Affect Herders’Balance between Grass and Livestock?

作　　者：褚力其 张志涛 姜志德[1] CHU Liqi;ZHANG Zhitao;JIANG Zhide

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学经济管理学院,杨陵712100 [2]中国社会科学院大学,北京102488

出　　处：《农业技术经济》2022年第8期83-96,共14页Journal of Agrotechnical Economics

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“不同类型生态技术识别、演化过程与评价”(编号:2016YFC0503703)。

摘　　要：家庭草场承包制度和草畜平衡制度是处理中国牧区“人—草—畜”矛盾的两个基本政策,而草场细碎化是牧区家庭承包制度落实过程中的重要特征。本文通过探究牧户草场细碎化与草畜平衡维护行为间的关系,利用内蒙古和青海省典型牧区的368个牧户数据,在处理内生性问题的情况下进行了实证检验,结论如下:(1)作为草畜平衡维护行为主要的构成部分,牧户放牧替代行为和减畜行为间存在显著的替代关系。(2)草场细碎化程度越高,牧户选择放牧替代行为的概率越高。在传导机制验证中发现,细碎化草场促使牧户进行小规模轮牧,且大量增加了放牧时间损耗和管护投入等生产成本,这均强化了牧户放牧替代行为的决策。(3)草场细碎化程度越高,牧户选择减畜行为的概率越低。传导渠道是细碎化引发牧户草场租金过低和寻租失败导致非农就业阻碍,使得牧户拒绝进行减畜。基于以上分析,本文建议拓展细碎化草场牧户的放牧方式,暖季轮牧、冷季补饲;增设牲畜养殖扶持项目,提高政府资金有差别扶持;积极发挥草场流转的作用。The household pasture contracting system and the forage-livestock balance system are two basic policies to deal with the“human-grass-livestock”contradiction in the pastoral areas of our country.The fragmentation of pastures is an important feature in the implementation of the pastoral household contracting system.This article explores the relationship between pasture fragmentation and balance maintenance behaviors of pastoral households,using data from 368 herder households in typical pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia and Qinghai Province to conduct an empirical test while dealing with endogenous problems.The specific conclusions are as follows:(1)as the main component of the grass-livestock balance maintenance behavior,there is a significant substitution relationship between herders’grazing substitution behavior and livestock reduction behavior.(2)The higher the degree of grassland fragmentation,the higher the probability that herders choose grazing substitution behavior.In the verification of the transmission mechanism,it was found that the fragmentation of pastures encourages herders to carry out small-scale grazing rotations,and greatly increases the investment in grazing management and protection,which further strengthens herders’decision-making on alternative grazing behaviors.(3)The higher the degree of grassland fragmentation,the lower the probability that herders choose to reduce livestock.The transmission channel is the fragmentation that caused the pasture rent of herdsmen to be too low and the failure of rent-seeking to hinder non-agricultural employment,which made herders refuse to reduce livestock.Based on the above analysis,this article recommends that herders coexist with multiple livestock breeding production methods,add livestock breeding support projects,increase the differential support of government funds,and actively play the role of pasture circulation.

关 键 词：草场细碎化 草畜平衡维护行为 减畜行为 放牧替代行为 

分 类 号：F326.3[经济管理—产业经济]