地震反射数据Q值估计及其在油气勘探中的应用  

Q estimation of seismic reflection data and its application in oil and gas exploration

作　　者：张浩 付昌 满红霞 陈程 方欣欣[1,2,3] 李宗星 ZHANG Hao;FU Chang;MAN Hongxia;CHEN Cheng;FANG Xinxin;LI Zongxing(Institute of Geomechanics,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Key Laboratory of Paleomagnetism&Tectonic Reconstruct,Ministry of Natural Resources,Beijing 100081,China;Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geomechanics,China Geological Survey,Beijing 100081,China;BGP Liaohe division,Panjin 124010,Liaoning,China;Data Processing Center of Geophysical Research Institute,BGP,Zhuozhou 072750,Hebei,China)

机构地区：[1]中国地质科学院地质力学研究所,北京100081 [2]自然资源部古地磁与古构造重建重点实验室,北京100081 [3]中国地质调查局油气地质力学重点实验室,北京100081 [4]中国石油集团东方地球物理公司辽河物探处,辽宁盘锦124010 [5]中国石油集团东方地球物理公司研究院资料处理中心,河北涿州072750

出　　处：《地质力学学报》2022年第4期550-560,共11页Journal of Geomechanics

基　　金：中国地质科学院地质力学研究所基本科研业务项目(DZLXJK202006);国家自然科学基金(41804129)。

摘　　要：油气地震勘探中,地震波在实际介质中传播时会产生明显的吸收衰减现象,导致地震信号中的主频向低频移动,频带宽度变窄,相位发生畸变,制约了地震勘探识别薄层的分辨能力。为了获得更高分辨率的地震成像,文章介绍了一种在地震反射数据成像域进行Q值估计建模的方法与流程,并利用估计出的Q值通过偏移成像对数据进行衰减补偿,实现高分辨率成像。该方法在时间域引入等效Q值的概念,首先在初步黏弹性时间偏移成像域的时窗内,通过数据在时窗内的补偿效果来确定时间域的等效Q值参数,接着通过在深度域层速度上计算成像射线获得时深转换关系,进而对转换到时间域层Q值的等效参数进行时深转换,完成最终深度域Q值建模,最后将该关键参数作为黏弹性叠前深度偏移的输入,进行复杂构造的黏弹性补偿成像。同时使用中国东部某实际地震数据来验证方法的有效性,验证结果表明发展的流程和方法可较好实现深度域负责构造Q值建模和成像域补偿,实现复杂构造高分辨成像。In oil and gas seismic exploration,when the seismic wave propagates in the earth medium,it will encounter obvious absorption and attenuation,resulting in the main frequency of the seismic signal shifting to the low-frequency end.The frequency band narrows and the phase is distorted,which restricts the resolution of seismic exploration to identify thin layers.To obtain a seismic image with higher resolution,this paper introduces a method with effective Q estimation in the imaging domain of seismic reflection data and uses the estimated Q-value to compensate for the attenuation effect through migration to achieve high-resolution imaging.This method introduces the concept of effective Q-value into the time domain.In the time window of the initial viscoelastic time migration image,the effective Q parameters in the time domain are determined through the compensation effect of the data in the time window.Then,the time-depth conversion function is obtained by calculating the imaging ray in the layer velocity in the depth domain,and then the time-depth conversion is carried out for the Q parameters converted to the layer Q-value in the time domain.At last,the key parameter is used as the input of viscoelastic prestack depth migration for viscoelastic compensation imaging of complex structures.Finally,this paper uses the real seismic data from eastern China to verify the effectiveness of the method.The final results show that the process and method developed in this paper can better realize the Q-value modeling and imaging domain compensation in the depth domain,and realize the high-resolution imaging of complex structures.

关 键 词：黏弹性介质 Q值 吸收衰减补偿 时深转换 高分辨率成像 

分 类 号：P631[天文地球—地质矿产勘探]