列奥·施特劳斯隐微学说指谬  

The Fallacies of Leo Strauss’Esoteric Theory

作　　者：朱海坤 ZHU Haikun

机构地区：[1]深圳大学美学与文艺批评研究院,广东深圳518060

出　　处：《深圳社会科学》2022年第5期66-74,共9页Social Sciences in Shenzhen

基　　金：广东省哲学社会科学规划一般项目“魏晋风度的基本形态及其嬗变逻辑研究”(GD20CZW04);广东省普通高校青年创新人才项目“列奥·施特劳斯与伽达默尔之争的学理研究”(2018WQNCX153)。

摘　　要：列奥·施特劳斯把哲学与政治的本性冲突作为古希腊哲学家从事隐微写作的必要条件。哲学试图以关于万物的知识否定和取代作为城邦共同体之基础的关于万物的公共意见,哲学与城邦之间存在不可化解的永恒矛盾,苏格拉底之死正是这一矛盾的悲剧性表征。面对哲学的危险处境,柏拉图吸取了苏格拉底之死的教训,以审慎的态度保持言辞的克制,用字里行间的写作方式来保障哲学探究和哲学教育的自由。这种独特的写作技艺被中古时期的伊斯兰-犹太哲学家所继承,以此作为克服理性与启示之冲突、维持雅典与耶路撒冷所代表的两种生活方式张力平衡的方法。施特劳斯以哲学家与大众之间绝对的天性差异作为隐微写作的充分条件,认为哲学家在知性和德性上的完善保障了隐微教诲的顺利实现。施特劳斯对隐微写作的必要性和充分性的论证存在难以自洽之处。其一,哲学家与大众的二分法是一种虚假的绝对二元论;其二,德性与思想的同质性缺乏理论根据;其三,隐微写作依赖的诗艺掌握在诗人手中,这使隐秘教诲面临被泄露的风险;其四,在疑似从有的著作审查制度下,含混其词的表达法未必能让隐微作者得以幸免。除此之外,施特劳斯将隐微学说作为克服现代历史主义思维方式,但历史主义与隐微主义呈现为二律背反,隐微写作的被遗忘成为历史必然。Leo Strauss regarded the natural conflict between philosophy and politics as the necessary condition for ancient Greek Philosophers to engage in esoteric writing.Philosophy attempts to negate and replace the public opinions about the whole as the basis of the social community with knowledge about the whole.There is an irresolvable eternal contradiction between philosophy and the city.The death of Socrates is the tragic representation of the contradiction.Facing the dangerous situation of philosophy,Plato learned the lesson of Socrates’death,kept the restraint of words with a deliberate attitude,and guaranteed the freedom of philosophical exploration and education by writing between the lines.This unique writing skill was inherited by Islamic-Jewish philosophers in the middle age as a way to overcome the conflict between reason and revelation,maintaining the tension balance between the two lifestyles represented by Athens and Jerusalem.Strauss regarded the absolute natural difference between philosophers and the public as the sufficient condition for esoteric writing,and believed that the perfection of philosophers’intellectuality and virtue ensures the successful realization of esoteric teachings.However,his argument on the necessity and sufficiency of esoteric writing is hard to be self-consistent.First,the dichotomy of philosophers and the commons is a false absolute duality.Second,the homogeneity of virtue and thought lacks theoretical basis.Third,the poetic art on which esoteric writing depends is in the hands of the poet,which makes the esoteric teachings risk being leaked.And fourth,under the examination system of suspected works,the vague expression may not be immune to the author.In addition,Strauss regarded the esotericism as the way to overcome modern historicism as a thinking way,but the two are presented as antinomy,the forgotten of esoteric writing becomes a historical necessity.

关 键 词：列奥·施特劳斯 古典政治哲学 隐微写作 历史主义 

分 类 号：D0-02[政治法律—政治学]