企业家的自然保育理念与实践——论洛克菲勒家族对美国国家公园体系建设的贡献  

Entrepreneur’s Conception and Historical Practice of Conservation——A Study on Rockefeller Family’s Contribution to the Development of the U.S.National Park System

作　　者：张瑞胜 梅雪芹[2] Zhang Ruisheng;Mei Xueqin

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院,北京100875 [2]清华大学历史系,北京100084

出　　处：《学术研究》2022年第8期122-131,178,共11页Academic Research

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(310422143);北京师范大学历史学院青年教师发展资助项目的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在美国历史上,洛克菲勒家族对美国国家公园体系建设做出了重大贡献,这是在美国进步主义时代背景以及洛氏家族自然保育理念等多重因素共同作用下取得的。当洛克菲勒家族走入山野之时,其自然保育理念的核心是尝试在荒野自然与人类活动之间找到发展的动态平衡。小约翰和劳伦斯两代人参与建设大提顿国家公园、大雾山国家公园、黄石国家公园以及玛氏-比林斯-洛克菲勒国家历史公园等多处国家公园,不仅通过赠地和配捐等方式直接资助国家公园的建立和扩大,同时通过提供催化剂式的间接资助,保育各类动植物自然资源及其共同组成的美丽风景,开发与国家公园相关的旅游业及周边产业,通过发展带来实实在在的好处平衡各方利益诉求。作为高度追逐商业利润的美国资本主义家族企业的代表,洛克菲勒家族财团积极参与美国国家公园建设,开展自然保育活动,成功地帮助美国政府和人民建立了世界闻名的美国国家公园体系,也为美国家族财团介入资源保育运动和国家公园体系建设树立了榜样原型和基本规则。美国洛氏家族自然保育理念与实践对于企业如何履行保护环境的公益责任提供了重要的历史借鉴。In the U.S.history,the Rockefeller family made significant contributions to the development of the U.S.National Park System,which was achieved under the combined influence of multiple factors such as the background of American progressivism and the conservation conception of the Rockefeller family.When the Rockefellers entering the wilderness,their core conception on conservation was attempting to find a dynamic balance between wild nature and human activity.John D.Rockefeller Jr.and Laurance S.Rockefeller,two generations of the Rockefellers,were engaged with the establishment and development of the Grand Teton National Park,the Great Smoky Mountains National Park,the Yellowstone National Park,the Marsh-BillingsRockefeller National Historical Park and many other national parks.They not only directly funded the establishment and the expansion of national parks via gifting the land they purchased to the federal government or matching others’ donation to build the national parks,at the same time,they provided indirect assistance of catalytic gifts which helped preserve different kinds of natural resources of animals and plants and the beautiful scenic view they comprised.The Rockefellers developed tourism and other supporting industries which brought tangible benefits to balance the interests of all parties.As a representative of the American capitalist family business,the Rockefeller family,a large consortium highly pursuing commercial profits,actively participated in the development of national parks in the United States.Their conservation activities successfully helped the U.S.government and American people establish the world-famous U.S.National Park System.Their practice also set a prototyping model and basic game rules for the American kindred consortiums’ engagement with the conservation movements and the development of the U.S.National Park System.The Rockefeller family’s conception and practice of conservation provides an important historical reference for enterprises to fulfill their public responsib

关 键 词：环境史 美国国家公园 洛克菲勒家族 小约翰 劳伦斯 

分 类 号：K712[历史地理—历史学]