基于水稻养分专家系统的控释尿素适宜释放期研究  

Study on the optimum release period of controlled-release urea for rice based on Nutrient Expert

作　　者：乔艳[1] 胡诚[1] 李双来[1] 刘东海[1] 张智 QIAO Yan;HU Cheng;LI Shuang-lai;LIU Dong-hai;ZHANG Zhi(Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertilizer,Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Key Laboratory of Fertilization from Agricultural Wastes,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Wuhan Hubei 430064)

机构地区：[1]湖北省农业科学院植保土肥研究所,农业农村部废弃物肥料化利用重点实验室,湖北武汉430064

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2022年第7期16-22,共7页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：肥料养分推荐方法与限量标准(2016YFD0200100)。

摘　　要：探索不同养分释放期的控释尿素在水稻上的施用效果,为区域作物高产高效专用肥的研制提供理论依据。2017~2018年在长江中游单季稻主产区,开展控释尿素释放期田间试验,共设置7个处理,分别为:不施氮(CK)、农民习惯施肥(FP)、普通尿素一次性施用(U)和4个释放期(30、60、90、120 d)的控释尿素一次性施用处理,基于养分专家系统对5个田块进行推荐施肥,研究水稻产量和氮肥农学效率对控释尿素不同释放期的响应。结果表明:与不施氮相比,农民习惯施肥两年的增产率平均分别为53.2%和41.8%,比普通尿素一次性施用处理高37.9%和31.4%。与普通尿素一次性施用相比,不同释放期控释尿素增产率普遍可以达到10%以上。经济效益分析结果显示,释放期超过60 d时,产投比低于农民习惯施肥处理。随着控释尿素释放期的延长,两年水稻产量均以60~90 d释放期产量水平更高,其主要原因是有效穗数和穗粒数的差异,对应的60~90 d释放期氮肥农学效率同样处于相对较高的水平。根据肥效模型推算得出,控制尿素释放期为70 d时,水稻产量可达到理论最高水平,两年分别为7.11和9.43 t/hm^(2)。因此,在长江中游地区,实现一季中稻高产和氮肥高效的控释尿素适宜释放期为70 d。In order to provide theoretical basis for the development of high yield and high efficiency special fertilizer for regional crops,the effects of controlled-release urea,which have different nutrient release periods,on rice were explored.In 2017~2018,the field experiments were conducted in the main single season rice production area of the middle Yangtze River Basin,field trials were carried out during the release period of controlled-release urea,including seven treatments:no nitrogen fertilizer(CK);farmers’practices fertilization treatment(FP);conventional urea(U);and four different periods of controlled-release urea treatments(30,60,90,120 d).Based on the nutrient expert ststem,five fields were recommended for fertilization,the effects of release periods of controlled-release urea on rice yield and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen were studied.The results showed that compared with CK,the average yield increased by 53.2%and 41.8%,respectively,for farmers’practices in two years,which were higher than that of conventional urea(37.9%and 31.4%,respectively).Compared with conventional urea,the yield increased more than 10%for the controlled-release urea with different release periods.The analysis of economic benefit showed that the ratio of output to input was lower than farmers’practices when the release period of controlled-release urea was over 60 d.With the extension of release period of controlled-release urea,the rice yield of 60~90 d treatment was higher,which was mainly due to the difference in effective panicles and grains number per panicle.Correspondingly,the nitrogen agronomic efficiency of 60~90 d was also at a relatively high level.According to the fertilizer model,the rice yield could reach the theoretical highest level,which was 7.11 and 9.43 t/hm^(2) respectively in two years,when the release period was 70 d.Therefore,to achieve high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency for single season rice in the middle Yangtze River Basin,the optimal release period of controlled-release urea is 70 d.

关 键 词：控释尿素 释放期 水稻 产量 氮肥利用率 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]