长期棉花秸秆配施有机肥对土壤理化性质及棉花产量的影响  

Effects of long-term cotton straw incorporation and manure application on soil characters and cotton yield

作　　者：席凯鹏 杨苏龙 席吉龙 李永山[1] 张建诚 武雪萍[2] XI Kai-peng;YANG Su-long;XI Ji-long;LI Yong-shan;ZHANG Jian-cheng;WU Xue-ping(Cotton Research Institute,Shanxi Agricultural University,Yuncheng Shanxi 044000;Institute of Agricultural Resources and Agricultural Planning,China Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081)

机构地区：[1]山西农业大学棉花研究所,山西运城044000 [2]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081

出　　处：《中国土壤与肥料》2022年第7期82-90,共9页Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划课题(2015BAD22B03);财政部和农业农村部:国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-15-31);山西省重点研发计划项目(201903D221062)。

摘　　要：研究长期棉花秸秆还田与施有机肥对土壤特性和棉花产量的影响,为黄河流域棉区增强土壤肥力、提高产量提供依据。以12年定位试验为平台,研究棉花秸秆还田配施发酵鸡粪对土壤结构、肥力和产量的影响。试验设4个处理:氮磷化肥+棉花秸秆清茬(NP)为对照、氮磷化肥+棉花秸秆还田(NPS)、氮磷化肥+棉花秸秆清茬+有机肥(NPM)、氮磷化肥+棉花秸秆还田+有机肥(NPSM)。结果表明:NPS、NPM、NPSM比NP显著降低了0~30 cm土层土壤容重;显著降低了0~10 cm土层<0.25 mm的土壤微团聚体含量,而显著增加了0.5~1 mm较大团聚体含量;显著提高了0~40 cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮含量,其中0~20 cm土层土壤有机质分别提高14.2%、20.2%、42.5%,碱解氮分别显著提高30.1%、57.4%、207.9%;NPSM、NPM 0~20 cm土层有效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高357.8%、181.4%和91.5%、34.0%;NPSM土壤pH与NP处理相比显著降低。NPS、NPM、NPSM皮棉产量分别显著提高11.1%、13.3%和24.9%。NPSM处理籽棉产量与0~20 cm土层土壤容重呈极显著负相关,与土壤团聚体、土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关,与pH呈显著负相关。在施化肥基础上,长期棉花秸秆配施有机肥能降低耕层土壤容重,改善浅层土壤团粒结构,增强土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的供应能力,提高有机质含量和棉花产量。长期棉花秸秆配施有机肥改土增产效应强于棉花秸秆还田或增施有机肥,加强棉花秸秆配施有机肥在耕地培肥中的合理应用,并采取化肥减量和丰产栽培措施,提高土壤质量和生产效益。The experiment was conducted to study the effects of long-term straw returning and organic fertilizer application on soil properties and cotton yield to provide basis for enhancing soil fertility and increasing cotton yield in the Yellow River Basin.A 12-year locational trial was conducted to study the effects of straw return with fermented chicken manure on soil structure,fertility and yield.Four treatments were set up in the experiment,including only chemical fertilizer N and P(NP,used as control),N and P+straw returning(NPS),N and P+organic fertilizer(NPM),N and P+cotton straw returning+organic fertilizer(NPSM).The results showed that NPS,NPM and NPSM significantly reduced the soil bulk density of 0~30 cm soil layer compared with the control;significantly reduced the content of soil microagglomerates of<0.25 mm in 0~10 cm soil layer,and significantly increased the content of larger agglomerates of 0.5~1 mm;significantly increased the content of soil organic matter and alkaline nitrogen in 0~40 cm soil,among which the soil organic matter of 0~20 cm was increased by 14.2%,20.2%and 42.5%and the alkaline nitrogen of 0~20 cm soil layer was increased by 30.1%,57.4%and 207.9%,respectively;the available phosphorus and available potassium content of 0~20 cm soil layer of NPSM and NPM were significantly increased by 357.8%and 181.4%,91.5%and 34.0%,respectively;the soil pH of NPSM was significantly lower compared with that of NP treatment.NPS,NPM and NPSM lint yields were significantly increased by 11.1%,13.3%and 24.9%,respectively.The seed cotton yield of NPSM was highly significantly negatively correlated with 0~20 cm soil layer soil bulk density,but significantly positively correlated with soil aggregates and soil organic matter content,and significantly negatively correlated with pH.Based on the application of chemical fertilizers,long-term cotton straw returning with organic fertilizer application can reduce soil bulk density,improve the soil aggregate structure,enhance the supply of soil alkaline nitrogen,available

关 键 词：棉花 棉花秸秆还田 有机肥 土壤理化性质 产量 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学] S153