隧道掘进水压爆破技术发展新阶段  

New Development Stage of Water Pressure Blasting Technique in Tunnel Excavation

作　　者：李广涛 李大春 LI Guang-tao;LI Da-chun(China Railway 12 th Bureau Group Co.,Ltd.,Taiyuan 030006,China)

机构地区：[1]中铁十二局集团有限公司,太原030006

出　　处：《爆破》2022年第3期82-87,共6页Blasting

摘　　要：隧道掘进爆破中炮眼堵塞材料或装药间隔部分用水取代的施工技术又称为水压爆破。隧道掘进炮眼从基本不堵塞的孔底起爆到孔口用炮泥加水堵塞,发展到现今的孔内多部位用水垫、隔和堵的技术,归纳起来可以分为三个阶段。第一阶段为2002年至2015年,主要装药结构为在常规炮眼的装药结构基础上,在孔底垫水袋和在孔口用水袋加炮泥封堵,并减少炮孔装药;第二阶段为2016年至2020年,主要技术进步是光爆炮眼中的装药段用聚能管装置取代,提高了半眼痕保留率和减少了光爆眼;新阶段是2021年至今,成果以新建梅州至龙川铁路的何公塘隧道掘进爆破为代表,技术标志是在光爆眼底、间隔和孔口封堵全用水袋,光爆炮眼以外的所有炮眼孔口全用水袋封堵,省却了炮泥,并将水袋长度由原来的20 cm改为60 cm,实践证明不但比常规爆破节省炸药25%和减少了光爆孔工作量,还提高了装药作业效率,降尘效果更显著。In tunnel driving blasting,the construction technique of replacing the stemming material or charge decks with water is also called water pressure blasting.The development of charge structure in tunnel blasting can be divided into three stages,from basically bottom initiation without stemming to stemming with solids or water at the hole collar,then to the present technique of water cushion,isolation and plugging in multiple parts of the hole.The first stage is from 2002 to 2015,when the main charging structure was based on the conventional charging structure.The hole was stemmed and both bottom and the collar of the hole were padded with a water bag,and the charge of the hole was reduced.The second stage is from 2016 to 2020.The main technological progress was that the charge section in a smooth blasting hole was replaced by a shaped tube device,which improved the half cast factor and reduced the number of smooth blasting holes.The new stage is from 2021 to now,with the new Meizhou to Longchuan railway Hegongtang tunnel as a representative project.In this project,water bags were used for decks and stemming instead of solid stemming materials.And the length of the water bag was increased from 20 cm to 60 cm.Practice proves that compared with conventional blasting technology,this new blast technique not only saves 25%of the explosive and reduces the workload of the smooth blasting holes,but also improves the efficiency of charging operations and the dust removal effect.

关 键 词：隧道掘进 水压爆破 水封堵 水炮泥 水间隔堵塞 水袋降尘 

分 类 号：TD235.3[矿业工程—矿井建设]