城市规划健康影响评估机制与评估方法研究  

Study on Mechanism and Methods of Health Impact Assessment of Urban Planning

作　　者：葛懿夫 何仲禹[1] GE Yifu;HE Zhongyu

机构地区：[1]南京大学建筑与城市规划学院

出　　处：《西部人居环境学刊》2022年第4期76-83,共8页Journal of Human Settlements in West China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(51678288)。

摘　　要：健康影响评估是一种专注于人类健康状态的分析研究方法和思维范式,健康影响评估作为评估提案健康影响的工具,为在城市规划中兼顾公共健康提供了有效途径。国内外研究中对于城市规划的系统评估方法研究较为匮乏,尤其是缺乏系统评估健康影响的定量评估方法,而其中关键在于城市规划影响公共健康的作用机制尚未明晰,无法构建城市规划影响健康影响评估的框架。本研究以萨卡尔(Sarkar)提出的城市健康位理论为基础,明确了城市规划通过宏观、中观、微观尺度健康定义过程作用于公共健康的基本作用机制,确定了城市规划在中观健康位作用于公共健康的影响路径,在公共设施、土地利用与道路交通三个方面确定了健康决定因素,构建了城市规划的健康影响框架,基于此在城市尺度与街区尺度上建立了适用于总体规划与详细规划的评估指标体系,并根据建成环境特征提出了定量的评估方法。本研究在借鉴国外健康城市研究与评估方法的基础上结合我国城市规划基本情况进行了评估机制与评估方法的探索,为定量测度城市规划的健康影响提供了方法借鉴,对于我国开展健康影响评估研究与相关实践具有重要意义。Health impact assessment is an analytical research method and thinking paradigm focusing on human health status.As a tool for assessing the health impact of proposals,health impact assessment provides an effective method to take public health into account in urban planning.There is a lack of research on the systematic evaluation methods of urban planning.Among them,fewer pieces of research focused on the quantitative methods for systematic health impact assessment of urban planning.The key is that the mechanism of urban planning affecting public health is not yet clear.Based on the research on the healthy city and evaluation methods and combined with the basic situation of urban planning in China,the evaluation mechanism and evaluation methods are explored in this research.We provide a method for quantitatively measuring the health impact of urban planning,which is of great significance for the research and practice of health impact assessment in China.We define the basic mechanism of urban planning influencing public health through the health-defining process at the macro,meso,and micro scale based on the theory of urban health niche proposed by Sarkar.Drawing on the definition of ecological niche,Sarkar proposed the concept of “urban health niche”.According to the definition,each individual is part of the urban health niche,and the individual’s urban health niche is essentially the spatiotemporal expression at multi-level spatial scales(micro,meso,and macro scales) at which the healthdefining processes function.Urban health niche is a thinking paradigm that comprehensively considers the time process,stage,and level to explain the cause of disease.Urban planning,as a part of urban governance and decision-making system,can directly affect the urban built-up environment and natural environment at the macro scale.After that,through the interaction between macro and meso subsystems,this impact will be transformed into an indirect impact on the behavior and lifestyle of residents.Through the interaction between

关 键 词：城市规划 公共健康 健康影响评估 健康城市 

分 类 号：TU984.1[建筑科学—城市规划与设计]