等义词借用的库藏效应:从“提子——葡萄”说起  

The Inventorial Effect on Synonymous Loanwords:The Case of Tizi-Putao(Grape)and Beyond

作　　者：刘丹青 Liu Danqing(School of Humanities,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen 518060,China)

机构地区：[1]深圳大学人文学院,广东深圳518060

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2022年第6期102-111,共10页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目(19AYY004)。

摘　　要：广州话中与“葡萄”等义的“提子”随新品种的引入而借入普通话后,形成了普通话中“提子—葡萄”的对立,说明与目标语现存词等义的词语借用会引起库藏效应,相似现象还有“车厘子—樱桃”“奇异果—猕猴桃”“布林—李子”等。等义词借用在特定社会文化条件下有可能发生,并且在词库中物尽其用,使词汇范畴切分进一步细化,避免等义现象造成的词库资源浪费。这与形态学研究中基于避免等义原则的词汇系统非单调性现象和库藏类型学物尽其用原则一样,都体现了语言经济性原则。等义词借入所造成的借入方基本层次范畴的更细切分在作为文化要素源头的借出方中的缺失,说明词汇范畴的粗细并不完全由文化要素的丰约和认知程度的深浅所决定,库藏结构对语义范畴化具有很大的反作用。A loanword is generally borrowed, when a new concept does not have an existing representation in the target language. However, the Cantonese word tizi(teizi in Cantonese pronunciation) is borrowed into Mandarin despite that its equivalent putao(grape) already exists in Mandarin. After the Reform and Opening-up, imported grapes have brought the word tizi into Mandarin.Tizi was not used as a special term. As a written form appearing in texts published in the Yue speaking regions, tizi was considered to be a Cantonese equivalent to the Mandarin putao. Later, as used in the north, tizi and putao became a pair of distinctive words in Mandarin, with tizi possibly interpreted as the hyponym of putao. Putao in Mandarin thus possessed different interpretations, meaning that it can be interpreted as a general concept, or in its narrow sense, as a specific reference to native grapes growing in China, whereas tizi lost its general interpretation. This distinctive pair also resulted in the re-division of the grape category. Tizi indicates a different language borrowing mechanism compared with that of other loanwords. Firstly, northern people learnt the new words along with a new fruit type, which would easily lead to the misunderstanding of its original meaning in Cantonese. After the import of the Cantonese equivalent, Mandarin requires an adequate division of labor in the lexical structure, so as to allow a maximal utilization of resources and to avoid a waste of lexicon. The popularity of Cantonese in the early years of the Reform and Opening-up paved the way for the introduction of semantic equivalents. Additionally, the fresh loanwords sounded more attractive to the young people, stimulating the use of tizi as a tendency under different commercial situations. This eventually led to the semantic reinterpretation of a series of fruit names in Mandarin. Similar examples can also be found in other pairs of fruit names to which the inventorial effect reveals, with one of the pair being a loanword and the other a native one. A

关 键 词：等义借词 库藏效应 水果词汇 范畴切分 

分 类 号：H136[语言文字—汉语] H178