论《民法典》第400条未登记不动产抵押合同之法律效果——兼评“双重效果论”  

On the Legal Effect of Unregistered Real Estate Mortgage Contract in Article 400 of the Civil Code——Comments on"Double Effect Theory"

作　　者：周清林 Zhou Qinglin

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学民商法学院 [2]西南政法大学最高人民法院应用法研究基地民商事案件研究中心

出　　处：《中国不动产法研究》2022年第1期225-245,共21页Research on Real Estate Law of China

摘　　要：《民法典》第400、402条虽规定了应订立书面合同且通过登记设立不动产抵押权,但对未经登记不动产抵押合同效力未作规定。《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》第60条将未登记不动产抵押合同的法律效果确定为违约,排除了债权担保法律效果的可能。这一规定是区分原则适用的结果。“双重效果论”主张未登记不动产抵押合同产生担保效果与违约效果,是对现行制度解释的超越,具有立法论含义。该理论将冲击区分原则、担保分类体系、不动产抵押权设立制度以及整个意定担保物权公示要件主义。若采纳该理论,《民法典》物权编与担保制度体系在上述四个方面都需要修正,会耗费巨大的体系成本。实际上,可以根据违约责任承担方式选择权、违约连带责任以及否定债权人在抵押人未履行登记义务时的过错分担实现“双重效果论”的立法论目的。如果通过解释论即可以达到立法论宏旨,大刀阔斧的体系改造便毫无必要。Although Articles 400 and 402 of the Civil Code stipulate that a written contract should be concluded and the right of mortgage of real estate should be established through registration,there are no provisions on the validity of the contract of mortgage of real estate without registration.Article 60 of the Minutes of the National Courts’Civil and Commercial Trial Work Conference defines the legal effect of unregistered real estate mortgage contract as breach of contract,excluding the possibility of legal effect of guarantee of creditor’s rights.This provision is the result of the application of the principle of distinction."Double Effect Theory"holds that the mortgage contract produces guarantee effect and default effect,which is beyond the current system interpretation and has the meaning of legislation theory.The theory will impact the principle of distinction,the security classification system,the establishment system of real estate mortgage and the whole doctrine of the requirement of publicity of intentional security real right.If the theory is adopted,the property right and security system of the Civil Code need to be amended in the above four aspects,which will cost a lot of system costs.In fact,the legislative purpose of"Double Effect Theory"can be realized according to the option of the liability for breach of contract,the joint liability for breach of contract and the denial of the creditor’s fault sharing when the mortgagor fails to fulfill the registration obligation.If the general purpose of legislative theory can be achieved through interpretation theory,it is unnecessary to reform the system aggressively.

关 键 词：未登记不动产抵押合同 区分原则 债权式抵押担保 人保 物保 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]