基于出土文献与传世文献互证的量词“匹”语法化历程及其动因研究  

A Study on the Grammaticalization Process and Motivation of theClassifier “PI” Based on the Mutual Verification of Unearthed and Handed-down Documents

作　　者：李建平[1] LI Jianping(School of Chinese Language and Literature,Shandong Normal University,Jinan 250014,China)

机构地区：[1]山东师范大学文学院,山东济南250014

出　　处：《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2022年第5期208-220,共13页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金冷门绝学项目“走马楼三国吴简汇校集释、字词全编与数据库建设”(20VJXG045),项目负责人:李建平;山东省青创科技团队支持计划“出土文献与古文字研究创新团队”(2020RWC003),团队带头人:李建平。

摘　　要：综合殷周甲金文文字构形和文例来看,“匹”字主要用作称量马的个体量词或表“匹配”义,其本义可能与“辔”相关,基于转喻语法化为个体量词。“匹”用作量词最早见于殷商三期甲骨,商代末年车马制度由一车两马向一车四马变革导致双数义集合量词“丙(两)”不再适用,西周时期个体量词“匹”获得了迅速发展。驾车之马两两相配的形制,使量词“匹”引申为“匹配”义;基于布帛两头向中间卷起两两相对的形制,又引申为称量布帛的量词。全面考察目前所见出土与传世文献,布帛量词“匹”产生时代均晚至汉初,西周胡应姬鼎铭文所见文例当为人名。个体量词“匹”的适用范围又可以拓展至其他动物,其动因在于修辞、方言和近代日语的影响;作为布帛量词,基于其固定制度又发展为度制量词。Based on the text configuration and examples of Jiajinwen in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, the Chinese word “pi” is mainly used as the individual classifier for calculating horses or the meaning of “matching”. Its original meaning may be related to “bridle”. It is grammaticalizedthrough grammatical metonymy into individual classifiers. The word “pi” was first used as a classifier in the oracle bones of the third period of the Shang Dynasty. In the last year of the Shang Dynasty, the system of carriages and horses changed from one carriage and two horses to one carriage and four horses, which led to the disapplicability of the dual-sense collective classifier “bing(liang)”,and the individual classifier “pi” developed rapidly in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The matching form of the driving horse extends the classifier “pi” to the meaning of “matching”. Based on the two ends of cloth and silk rolled in the middle of the two relative forms, it is also extended to be a classifier for measuring textiles. A comprehensive study of the unearthed and handed-down documents shows that the textile classifier “pi” came into being as late asin the early Han Dynasty, and the inscriptions of Hu Yingji Ding in the Western Zhou Dynasty are names. The scope of application of individual classifier “pi” can be extended to other animals, and its motivation lies in the influence of rhetoric, dialect and modern Japanese. As a textile classifier, it developed into institutional classifier based on its fixed system.

关 键 词：甲骨文 西周金文 简牍文献 量词 语法化 

分 类 号：H04[语言文字—语言学]