防范与限制:威尔逊政府对华政策中的革命党人认识及策略(1913—1917)  

Prevention and Containment: Perception of and Strategy towards the Chinese Revolutionaries in the Wilson Administration’s China Policy(1913-1917)

作　　者：卢华 Lu Hua

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院近代史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《广东社会科学》2022年第5期85-100,286,287,共18页Social Sciences in Guangdong

基　　金：中国社会科学院亚洲研究中心资助课题“孙中山的世界秩序论:以亚洲想象为中心(1895-1925)”(项目号2021YYZX005)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：辛亥革命后,袁世凯的北洋势力迅速掌控中国局势。列强中,美国威尔逊政府率先承认中华民国,将表面上看起来向着共和秩序稳定发展的袁世凯政府视为其理想的远东伙伴;对孙中山等革命党人的认识,则从民国的“麻烦制造者”发展至远东秩序的“威胁”,并形成了怀疑和遏制孙中山等革命党人的策略。威尔逊政府形成如此认识和策略的原因,一是威尔逊本人深处南方长老会清教精神传统中,视激进的秩序变革为共和秩序及宪制的破坏者;二是受到美国驻远东使领馆报告的影响;三是美国政府对远东的考量及其与日本的竞争关系。加之革命党人一系列倒袁行动、一战期间与日德的微妙关系影响美国在华利益。此一认识和策略延续到孙中山三次建立南方政府时期,型塑了孙中山及其南方政府转向苏俄的过程。威尔逊政府在远东的多重目标既相互冲突,又缺乏达成其远东设计的决心与手段,对华政策之失败很难避免。After the Xinhai Revolution, Yuan Shikai and his clique quickly took control of the situation in thenewly born Republic. Among the powers, Wilson’s government took the lead in recognizing the Republicof China and made official recognition of Yuan Shikai’s government, looking forward to a stable republi-can order in China. By contrast, the image of Dr. Sun Yat-sen and his revolutionary partners in the Wilsonadministration experienced a transformation from a “troublemaker” of the Republic of China to a“threat” in the Far East, eventually an “enemy” in its China policy. The reasons why the Wilson ad-ministration formulated this perception and strategy include: first, Wilson’s own deep-seated SouthernPresbyterian Puritanism tradition, which saw radical changes in social-political order as unacceptable anddamageable;second, the influence of reports from U.S. embassies and consulates in the Far East;third,the U.S. government’s Far East considerations and its competition with Japan and Russia, especially Ja-pan. The combination of a series of actions taken by the revolutionaries to overthrow Yuan and their am-biguous relationship with Japan and Germany during World War I also played a part. This negative under-standing and strategy carried over into Sun Yat-sen’s three diplomatic efforts in establishing a Southerngovernment, and shaped the history of Sun and his Southern government’s turn to Soviet Russia. Howev-er, the Wilson administration’s multiple goals in the Far East conflicted with each other and it alsolacked the will and means to achieve its Far Eastern designs, leading to the failure of its China policy al-most inevitably.

关 键 词：威尔逊政府 对华政策 理想主义 革命党人 孙中山 

分 类 号：K258.2[历史地理—历史学] K712.51[历史地理—中国史]