Joinery and Structure:Cultural and Technical Comparison between Traditional Wooden Framing Systems in East Asia and Western Europe  

节点与结构--东亚与欧洲西部传统木构架体系比较

作　　者：LIU Yan 刘妍(Faculty of Architecture and City Planning,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650500,China)

机构地区：[1]Faculty of Architecture and City Planning,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650500,China

出　　处：《Chinese Annals of History of Science and Technology》2022年第1期89-118,共30页中国科学技术史（英文）

基　　金：Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52008194)。

摘　　要：Traditional wooden joinery is the craft of connecting wood pieces for buildings or producing utensils by utilizing only the geometry of the components and material properties of the wood,without other materials such as glue or metal connectors.In its thousands of years of tradition,this construction technique has achieved high accomplishment in both East Asian and European architectural civilizations.Although sharing the same basic principles,joinery techniques vary between regions and cultures,rooted in the geographical environment,available wood species and their material properties,characteristics of craftsmanship,tools,and structural systems.Wood framing systems from China,Japan,and Western Europe are selected for comparison to assess the relationship between wood joinery and other aspects of building technology.The main conclusions include:in East Asia,the building tradition pays great attention to the design and execution of joinery(sunmao榫卯),making it responsible for multiple functions including architectural mechanics and the stability of the entire frame,which leads to a broader role meant by the term“joint”itself,while in Europe joinery is treated as the“node”or literally“joint”of the structure.Although in both East Asia and Europe wooden joinery serves as an aesthetic factor of the structure,its expression in East Asia is subtle,veiled,and restrained,while in Europe it is explicit and direct.The most important lesson we learn from the study of traditional joinery technology is that it should be seen in the context of the building process as a whole,taking into account geographical environment,material resources,craftsmanship,tools,construction methods,structural form,and the structural system.榫卯,是木构建筑、器物中的节点形式。当两块木料相接,不借助其他属性黏合或连接材料(如胶或金属连接件),而利用木料交接部位的几何形态咬合在一起。这种构造手法,在东亚与欧洲建筑文明中均有着数千年传统、高度发达。虽然基本原理相同,木构文明的榫卯构造又有各自的特点,而特征和差异扎根于不同文明的地理环境、木材特性、匠作工具和结构体系。为了精要地对中国、日本与欧洲西部的木构技术做出对比,选取三种文明中的传统木框架建筑作为着眼点,本文讨论三种文明木建筑的结构、构造差异,并提示节点技术与其他层面技术问题的关联。得出的主要结论是,东亚的木作传统更重视构造,使用构造手段去解决多层次的结构受力与建筑安全问题,节点构造的意义较之西方与境下“节点”的含义更加宽广,榫卯技术的演化也更为发达。而欧洲木作更重视结构设计,榫卯构造作为结构“节点”,在结构中的功能相对明晰。本文对于榫卯技术的研究,提示我们对传统营造技术的研究当贯通地理环境、材料资源、工艺与工具、构造手法、结构造型与结构体系的全方位技术流程。

关 键 词：wooden joint chuandou tailiang sunmao Fachwerk(half-timbering timber framing) traditional Chinese wooden structure traditional Japanese wooden structure traditional European wooden structure post-and-beam construction 

分 类 号：TU366.2[建筑科学—结构工程]