人格标识合理使用规则的教义展开——《民法典》第999条评析  

Dogmatics Interpretation of the Fair Use of Personality Rule——An Analysis on Article 999 of"Civil Code"

作　　者：温世扬[1] 袁野[1] WEN Shiyang;YUAN Ye(School of Law,Wuhan University,Wuhan Hubei 430072,China)

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院,湖北武汉430072

出　　处：《法学论坛》2022年第5期35-45,共11页Legal Forum

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目《人格标识的利用与保护研究》(20BFX105)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：《民法典》第999条系人格标识合理使用的一般规定,其意旨在于实现公共利益与人格权益保护的利益平衡,确立人格标识使用的阻却违法事由。对该条中的“姓名、名称”应参照《民法典》第1017条作扩张解释,对自然人声音的合理使用可类推适用肖像合理使用的规定,而名誉与荣誉则不适用合理使用规则。该条中的“公共利益”除涉及公民的言论自由及其衍生的权利和自由之外,还涉及其他社会交往中的必要性需求;“新闻报道、舆论监督”之外的其他行为须结合《民法典》人格权编的具体规定加以确定;对“合理使用”的判定,应结合比例原则下的目的正当性原则、适当性原则、最小伤害性原则予以考量。行为人不合理使用人格标识侵害他人人格权的法律后果,包括人格权请求权、财产损失赔偿请求权和精神损害赔偿请求权。Article 999 of the"Civil Code"is the core norm of the rule of fair use of personal marks in the Civil Code of Personality Rights.The fair use rule starts from the balance between rights protection and freedom of behavior in the context of conflict of interest,which technically belongs to the elimination of misfeasance.The objects of fair use include name,portrait,personal information,voice and private information in privacy.The"Public Interest"constitutes the legitimate purpose of fair use,and attention should be paid to its doctrinal distinction from"Public Order and Good Custom"and the specific value orientation in the context of this article.The difference between"News Report"and"Supervision by Public Opinion"is mainly reflected in the content and subject."Other Acts"cannot fully cover the scope of Article 1020 and Article 1036 of the Civil Code,and the fairness of the act should be judged by combining with the principle of proportionality.The latter paragraph of this article involves the tort liability for the unfair use of personality marks,which mainly include claim of the personality right,claim of the compensation for property damage,and claim of the compensation for mental damage.

关 键 词：人格标识 合理使用 公共利益 比例原则 侵权责任 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]