根本违约场合风险负担规则的适用  

Application of the Assumption of Risk Rule in the Case of Fundamental Breach

作　　者：杨勇 Yang Yong

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《财经法学》2022年第5期147-161,共15页Law and Economy

摘　　要：《民法典》第610条已经成为根本违约场合风险回转的一般规则。该条继受自《美国统一商法典》,但继受并不完整。在比较法层面,合同撤销场合下限制标的物毁损或灭失风险由出卖人承担的模式,对于合同解除场合同样适用,出卖人的可归责性并不足以作为证成风险回转的正当性根据。风险与利益相一致原则,带来的是当事人所承担的相对人返还不能的风险失衡。风险回转优待买受人,有违双务合同中买受人所享有的信赖,也有违诚实信用原则。《民法典》第611条足以在买受人承担标的物毁损或灭失风险场合下为其提供充分救济。在因出卖人根本违约而导致合同解除时,风险负担规则应作如下解释:在买受人行使合同解除权之前,若标的物发生意外毁损或灭失,应由买受人承担标的物毁损或灭失风险;在买受人行使合同解除权之后,若标的物发生意外毁损或灭失,应由出卖人承担标的物毁损或灭失风险。Article 610 of Civil Code which inherits from Uniform Commercial Code is the general rule of risk return in the case of fundamental breach of contract.However, the inheritance is incomplete.Restriction of assumption of risk by the seller in comparative law can also be applied in the case of contract termination.Imputation of seller isn’t a strong basis to justify the risk return rule.The principle of the consistency of risk and benefit brings about the imbalance of risk that the counterpart cannot return.Return of risk gives the buyer the preferential treatment which is opposed to the reliance of the buyer and violates the principle of good faith.Article of 611 is sufficient to provide adequate relief to the buyer who assumes the accidental destruction risk.In the case of termination of the contract due to a fundamental breach by the seller, the rules on the assumption of risk shall be interpreted as follows.The buyer should assume the risk of loss before the buyer terminates the contract in the case of accidental destruction, while under other circumstances the risk of loss remains on the seller.

关 键 词：根本违约 风险负担 合同解除 信赖保护 双务合同 

分 类 号：D923.6[政治法律—民商法学]