我国小麦条锈病防控的植保贡献率初析  

Analysis on the contribution rate of plant protection to the control of wheat stripe rust in China

作　　者：刘万才[1] 赵中华[1] 王保通[2] 李跃 王晓杰[2] 康振生[2] Liu Wancai;Zhao Zhonghua;Wang Baotong;Li Yue;Wang Xiaojie;Kang Zhensheng(National Agricultural Technology Extension Service C enter/National Agricultural Technology Integrated Innovation Center,Beijing 100125,China;College of Plant Protection,Northwest A&F University,Yangling Shaanxi 712100,China)

机构地区：[1]全国农业技术推广服务中心/国家农业技术集成创新中心,北京100125 [2]西北农林科技大学植物保护学院,陕西杨凌712100

出　　处：《中国植保导刊》2022年第7期5-9,53,共6页China Plant Protection

基　　金：“十四五”国家重点研发计划(2021YFD1401005)。

摘　　要：小麦条锈病是我国农业生产中最为严重的病害之一,其流行频率高、发病范围广、危害损失重,严重威胁农业生产和国家粮食安全。新中国成立以来,小麦条锈病前后虽然多次大流行,但造成的损失逐步降低。笔者综合分析认为近年来小麦条锈病的发生面积、范围和程度明显压低,是在实施越夏区治理、抗病品种合理布局、秋播期药剂拌种、早期精准防控、流行期科学用药和开展有性生殖阻断等各项预防控制措施上取得的。以1950年条锈病大流行年病害造成的损失为基数,评估测得:小麦条锈病大流行年份,全国防控的植保贡献率接近30%,防治挽回产量230亿kg以上;参考联合国粮农组织(FAO)“全球范围内每年农作物病虫害造成的产量损失约为40%”的估算意见,结合我国农作物病虫害发生防治实际进行测算,小麦条锈病一般发生年份,其防控植保贡献率约在3.5%以上,每年挽回小麦产量损失45亿kg以上。Wheat stripe(yellow)rust is one of the most severe diseases in agricultural production in China.It has a high frequency of prevalence,a wide range of incidence,and causes heavy damage and losses,which seriously threatens wheat production and national food security.There have been eight epidemics of wheat stripe rust throughout the history of the People's Republic of China,while the losses have been gradually reduced.The comprehensive analysis showed that the occurrence area,prevalence,and severity of wheat stripe rust in recent years were significantly lower,which were achieved in the implementation of various prevention and control measures such as pathogen over-summer area management,optimized distribution of disease-resistant cultivars,seed dressing before sowing,inspection and control in autumn and winter,early precise prevention and control,effective and efficient pesticide application during the epidemic period,and sexual reproduction interruption.Based on the loss caused by the wheat stripe rust epidemic in 1950,it was estimated that the plant protection contribution rate to the yield in the year of the wheat stripe rust epidemic was close to 30%,and the yield loss could be reduced by more than 23 billion kilograms.According to the estimation of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)that the annual yield loss caused by crop diseases and insect pests is about 40%worldwide,and combined with the occurrence and control of crop pests in China,we estimated that in a year when wheat stripe rust occurred moderately,the contribution rate of plant protection is about 3.5%or more,and at least 4.5 billion kilograms of wheat yield loss could be reduced annually.

关 键 词：小麦条锈病 防控成效 挽回损失 植保贡献率 

分 类 号：S435.121.4[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]