中国农业生态系统外来植物入侵及其管理现状  

Invasion and management of alien plants in agroecosystems in China

作　　者：强胜 张欢 QIANG Sheng;ZHANG Huan(Weed Research Laboratory,College of Life Sciences,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学生命科学学院杂草研究室,江苏南京210095

出　　处：《南京农业大学学报》2022年第5期957-980,共24页Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(31870526)。

摘　　要：农业生态系统是受人为干扰最剧烈的生境之一,因此也是受外来物种重灾区。最近十多年来由于入侵物种新发,调查也更广泛和更深入。但是还没有就我国农业生态系统外来入侵植物状况做过系统综述。因此,根据调查、文献和标本查阅,系统总结中国农业生态系统外来入侵植物入侵及管理现状,可为制定合理的防治策略及正在开展的全国外来入侵物种普查提供参考。迄今,我国农业生态系统的外来入侵植物共计52科187属331种5变种。生活型以一年生(209种,占总种数的62.20%)和越年生(132种,39.29%)为主,其次为多年生(121种,36.01%),灌木和半灌木较少;生态型以中生植物为主(271种,80.65%),旱生、湿生、水生及寄生较少。植物地理区系成分包括10区7亚区。50.60%的植物为有意引入后逸生,种类数量和首次引入地都呈现出由从东南沿海到西北内陆逐渐减少的趋势。入侵植物主要来自于美洲(64.58%),依次是欧洲(23.81%)、亚洲(15.48%)、非洲(13.69%)、大洋洲(0.89%)。菜地和果园入侵植物最多,分别达83.33%和66.37%,而后为秋熟旱地(59.52%)和夏熟旱地(51.19%)。根据危害性分为恶性22种、区域恶性53种,是农田外来入侵植物的重点防除目标。目前农业外来入侵植物主要依赖化学防治,因此导致60种外来入侵植物在世界不同地区演化出抗药性生物型。将来需重视边境的检疫、生物、生态等综合防治,还应加强外来种对农业生态系统入侵的历史、途径、分布、机制、趋势的研究,监测入侵植物和抗药性生物型对农业有害生物群落演替的影响等。Agricultural ecosystems are one of the most severely disturbed habitats,which are seriously infestated by invasive alien species.In particular,there has not been a systematic review on the aspect of alien invasive plants in agricultural ecosystems in China.Therefore,based on field investigations and literature reviews,the present status of invasion and managements of alien plants in agricultural ecosystems in China was systematically summarized in order to provide information for establishing reasonable control strategies and the ongoing national census of invasive species.At present,there were a total of 331 species and 5 varieties of invasive alien plants belonging to 187 genera,52 families in China.The main life forms were annual plants(209 species,62.20%of the total species)and perennial plants(132 species,39.29%of the total species),followed by perennial plants(121 species,36.01%of the total species),shrubs and semi-shrubs were rare.The ecological type was dominated by mesophytes plants(271 species,80.65%of the total species),and there were few xerophytes,hydrophytes,aquatic and parasitic plants.The floristic composition included 10 zones and 7 subzones.The number of plants that naturalized after intentional introduction account for 50.60%of the total species,and both the number of species and the place of first introduction showed a decreasing trend from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.Invasive plants mainly came from the America(64.58%),followed by Europe(23.81%),Asia(15.48%),Africa(13.69%),and Oceania(0.89%).The most invasive alien plant species infested vegetable fields(83.33%)and orchards(66.37%),then autumn-harvested crop drylands(59.52%),summer-harvested crop dryland(51.19%).According to their harmfulness,invasive alien plants were classified into four groups,in which malignant weeds(22 species)and regional malignant weeds(53 species)were the key targets for the control of invasive alien plants in farmland.Today,over-uses of chemical herbicides has led to the evolution of herbicide-resista

关 键 词：入侵植物 分布格局 危害性 抗药性 防治措施 

分 类 号：S451[农业科学—植物保护] S41-30S451.1